본 연구는 성장인자 EGF, IGF-1, EGF+IGF-1 이 소 난포란의 체외성숙에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위하여 실시하였다. 소 난포란의 체외성숙 시 EGF를 농도별 (10, 50 및 100ng/m1)로 첨가하여 실험한 결과 통계학적 유의성은 인정되지 않았으나 24시간 배양 후 성숙율은 대조군에 비하여 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 소난포란의 체외성숙 시 EGF와 IGF-1을 병용 처리하여 실험한 결과, EGF 또는 IGF-1 단독처리 군에 비하여 병용처

In vitro development of bovine embryos is affected by many factors such as energy substrates, amino acids, and some growth factors. It has been reported that mRNA of insulin, PDGF and their receptors are detected in cow embryos, and that some chelating agents such as EDTA and transferrin have beneficial role on mouse and bovine embryos. The author hypothesized that insulin, transferrin arid PDGF added to a culture medium increase in vitro development of bovine embryos by chelating toxic substance(s) or increasing cell growth and metabolism. Immature oocytes from slaughtered ovaries of Holstein cows and heifers were matured for 24 hours in a TCM199 containing 10% fetal calf serum, FSH, LH and estradiol with granulosa cells in vitro. Matured oocytes were coincubated with sperm for 30 hours in a modified Tyrode's medium (IVF). Embryos cleaved to 2- to 4-cell at 30 hours after IVF were selected and cultured in a 30-l drop of a synthetic oviduct fluid medium (SOFM) containing 0.8% BSA, Minimum Essential Medium essential and non-essential amino acids, and insulin, transferrin or PDGF for 9 days. Supplementation of a SOFM with insulin, and /or transferrin did not increase develop-mental rate to expanding and hatching blastocyst of 2- to 4-cell bovine embryos compared with control. The highest developmental rate to hatching blastocyst was shown when PDGF was added at the concentration of 10 ng /ml among the supplementing doses tested in the present study (p<0.05). Addition of PDGF without insulin to a SOFM could not increase embrye development, but combined addition of PDGF with insulin significantly increased (p<0.05) embryo development to hatching blastocyst (50%) compared with control (38%). In conclusion, insulin and PDGF supplemented to a SOFM may act synergistically and have beneficial effect on in vitro development of 2- to 4-cell bovine embryos matured and fertilized in vitro.

Implantation is a most important biological process during pregnancy whereby conceptus establishes its survival as well as maintenance of pregnancy. During the periimplantation period, both uterine endometriurn and conceptus synthesize and secrete a host of growth factors and cytokines which mediate the actions of estrogen and /or progesterone and also exert their steroid-independent actions. Growth factors expressed by the materno-conceptal unit en masse have important roles in cell migration, stimulation or inhibition of cell proliferation, cellular differentiation, maintenance of pregnancy and materno-conceptal communications in an autorcrine /paracrine manner. The present review focuses on the role of the intrauterine IGF system during periimplantation conceptus development. The IGF system comprises of IGF- I and IGF- II ligands, types I and II IGF receptors and six or more IGF-binding proteins(IGFBPs). IGFs and IGFBPs are expressed and secreted by uterine endometrium with tissue, pregnancy stage and species specificities under the influence of estrogen, progesterone and other growth factor(s). Conceptus also synthesizes components of the IGF system beginning from a period between 2-cell and blastocyst stages. Maternal IGFs are utilized by both maternal and conceptal tissues; conceptus-derived growth factors are believed to be taken up primarily by conceptus. IGFs enhance the development of both maternal and conceptal compartments in a wide range of biological processes. They stimulate proliferation and differentiation of endometrial cells and placental precursor cells including decidual transformation from stromal cells, placental formation and the synthesis of some steroid and protein hormones by differentiated endometrial cells or placenta. It is also well-documented in a number of experimental settings that both IGFs stimulate preimplantation embryo development. In slight contrast to these, prenatal mice carrying a null mutation of IGF and /or IGF receptor gene do not exhibit any apparent growth retardation until after implantation. Reason (s) for this discrepancy between the knock-out result and the in vitro ones, however, is not known. IGFBPs, in general, are believed to inhibit IGF action within the materno-conceptal unit, thereby allowing endometrial stromal cell differentiation as well as dampening ex cessive placental invasion into maternal tissue. There is evidence, however, indicating that IGFBP can enhance IGF action depending on environrnental conditions perhaps by directioning IGF ligand to the target cell. There is also a third possibility that certain IGFBPs and their proteolytic fragments may have their own biological activities independent of the IGF. In addition to IGFBPs, IGFBP proteases including those found within the uterine tissue or lumen are thought to enhance IGF bioavailability by degrading their substrates without affecting their bound ligand. In this regard, preliminary results in early pregnant pigs suggest that a partially characterized IGFBP protease activity in uterine luminal fluid enhances intrauterine IGF bioavailability during conceptus morphological development. In summary, a number of in vitro results indicate that IGFs stimulates the development of the rnaterno-conceptal unit during the periimplantation period. IGFBPs appear to inhibit IGF action by sequestering their ligands, whereas IGFBP proteases are thought to enhance intrauterine bioavailability of IGFs. Much is remaining to be clarified, however, regarding the roles of the individual IGF system components. These include in vivo evidence for the role of IGFs in early conceptus development, identification of IGF-regulated genes and their functions, specific roles for individual IGFBPs, identification and characterization of IGFBP proteases. The intrauterine IGF club house thus will be paying a lot of attention to forthcoming results in above and other areas, with its door wide-open!

Marine ω-3 fatty fish가 정상인의 공복 혈당 및 기저 인슐린 농도에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과는 다음과 같다. Low ω-3 fatty acid군은 3.8g ω-3 fatty acid (EPA 1.0g, DHA 2.8g)를 포함, 약 1, 780kcal/day의 실험식을, high ω-3 fatty acid군은 7.7g ω-3 fatty acid(EPA 2.06g, DHA 5.68g)가 함유된 약 1, 815kcal/day의 실험식을 각각 1주일씩 투여받았으며, 실험 후 체중과 BMI는 두 군 모두에서 약간의 증가를 보였으나, 실험 전, 후의 체중 및 BMI가 모두 정상 범위였다. 공복 혈당농도는 low ω-3 fatty acid군이 실험 전 89.8±7.0mg/dl에서 88.7±8.5mg/dl로, high ω-3 fatty acid군은 91.0±6.6mg/dl에서 89.8±6.7mg/dl로 두 군 모두 약간 감소하였으나, 유의성은 없었으며, 두 군간에 ω-3 fatty acid 투여량에 따른 유의적 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 기저 인슐린 농도는 low ω-3 fatty acid군이 4.02±1.44uU/ml에서 4.54±2.61uU/ml 약 12.9% 정도 증가하고, high ω-3 fatty acid군은 4.97±2.13uU/ml에서 5.19±2.19uU/ml로 약간 증가하였으나, 두 군 모두 유의성은 없었으며, 두 군간에 유의적 차도 존재하지 않았다. 이로 미루어 marine ω-3 fatty acid 투여는 인슐린 비의존형 당뇨병환자에 미치는 영향과는 달리, 정상인에 있어서는 일상적 섭취수준이나 그 보다 비교적 높은 섭취수준에도 glycemic control에 그다지 영향이 미치지 않을 것으로 사료된다.

글루코오즈(GOD) 옥시다제가 고정화된 PVA/키토산 플렌드막과 다공성 폴리아미드 복합막을 통해 인슐린의 투과거동을 살펴보았다. GOD가 고정화된 막을 통한 투과계수는 10-6~10-7cm3/cm2sec이었다. 복합막의 클루코오즈 농도에 대한 변화는 낮은 글루코오즈 농도에서 높았는데 이는 막으로부터 산소의 고갈 때문이었다. PVA/키토산 및 다공성 폴리아미드막을 통한 인슐린의 투과는 글루코오즈 농도에 따라 500mg%까지 점차 증가하였다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of long-term endurance exercise and Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar on body composition and insulin resistance of high-fat diet (30% carbohydrate, 50% fat and 20% protein) induced obese rats. After 8 weeks of high fat diet (50% of total calories), rats were divided into 4 groups (sedentary group, n=10; exercise group, n=10; Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar group, n=10; exercise+Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar group, n=10) for 8 weeks. Body weight, body composition, diet intake volume, oral glucose tolerance test, plasma total cholesterol were measured. The results showed that Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar plus endurance exercise training for 8 weeks significantly improved body weight control, visceral fat weight, and insulin resistance. However, only Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar treatment did not significantly improve body composition and insulin resistance. In addition, there was no additive by the combination of Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar and endurance exercise in insulin, body fat, and total cholesterol. The reduction of body fat, glucose, insulin and cholesterol by combination was resulted from the exercise. These results suggest that Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar has slight effect on anti-hyperglycemia and anti-obesity.

Background : Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) appears to enhance the differentiation of osteoblasts and to activate the mineralization of bone. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ginseng complex on the remodeling of rats tibia. Methods and Results : Ginseng complex significantly increased serum IGF-1 by 58% and 34.5% than the control, respectively. Treatment with α-amylase when manufacturing these extracts remarkably increased the concentration of IGF-1 by 63% and 36% above the control, respectively. This ways that this ginseng complex, especially α-amylase treated extracts, contained a higher level of IGF-1 secretion in the ginseng complex groups. In addition, increases of 8% in femuf length were found after 12 weeks of oral administration with ginseng complex (300mg/kg). Conclusion : These results mean that ginseng complex have beneficial effects on bone effects on bone growth via IGF-1.

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway is a key signal transduction pathway involved in cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. In dairy cows, IGF family proteins and binding receptors, including their intracellular binding partners, regulate mammary gland development. IGFs and IGF receptor interactions in mammary glands influence the early stages of mammogenesis, i.e., mammary ductal genesis until puberty. The IGF pathway includes three major components, IGFs (such as IGF-I, IGF-II, and insulin), their specific receptors, and their high-affinity binding partners (IGF binding proteins [IGFBPs]; i.e., IGFBP1–6), including specific proteases for each IGFBP. Additionally, IGFs and IGFBP interactions are critical for the bioactivities of various intracellular mechanisms, including cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Notably, the interactions between IGFs and IGFBPs in the IGF pathway have been difficult to characterize during specific stages of bovine mammary gland development. In this review, we aim to describe the role of the interaction between IGFs and IGFBPs in overall mammary gland development in dairy cows.

This is the case report of a 58-year-old man who developed acute severe hypoglycemia after a spinal block. He had a history of injecting insulin combined with 50% dextrose for hyperkalemia control. After the spinal block, he presented with hypo-glycemic symptoms and went into convulsions. Following injection of midazolam and 10 ml of 50% dextrose, his mental state returned to alert. We recommend careful monitoring of blood sugar level of chronic kidney disease patients who under-go neuraxial block.

The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical significance of acanthosis nigricans scales and locations in order to validate the relation of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in obese children. We conducted a retrospective analysis of clinical records of obese children who visited Chosun University Hospital between January 2013 and February 2014 due to their obesity. Five anatomical sites were examined for evaluation of acanthosis nigricans. Clinical characteristics were compared according to the presence and severity of acanthosis nigricans. Among 55 children, 37 children had acanthocis nigricans. A consensus score of acanthosis nigricans was calculated by summing the scores of five locations. The diagnostic categories were: No acanthosis nigricans group, mild group, moderate group, and severe group. Elevated acanthosis nigricans total score showed strong association with elevated BMI, triglyceride, and c-peptide in all groups. Elevated acanthosis nigricans total score also showed strong association with elevated fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. We also found that the neck was the most frequent location of acanthosis nigricans. However, acanthosis nigricans on axilla showed strong association with elevated fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. Estimation of scales and locations of acanthosis nigricans could be useful as a clinical alternative for determining hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in obese children.

In this study, the effect of Curcuma longa L. on obesity and insulin resistance was investigated in animals fed a moderate high fat diet. The animals used in this study were normal weight Spargue-Dawley (SD) rats and type 2 diabetic obese db/db mice. Accumulation of abdominal adipose tissue and weight gain were inhibited in the animals fed the C. longa extract. C. longa decreased fasting insulin and HOMA-IR in the SD rats, and effectively decreased blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c in db/db mice. C. longa decreased serum free fatty acid (FFA) level in the SD rats. FFA in db/db mice fed C. longa tended to decrease. C. longa significantly decreased serum triglyceride level. Our results collectively represent that C. longa prevented fat accumulation and insulin resistance in both normal weight SD rats and type 2 diabetic obese db/db mice fed a moderate high fat diet.

본 연구는 당에 의해 유도된 HIT-T15를 이용하여 항당뇨 소재로 잘 알려져 있는 오미자 및 뽕잎 추출물의 인슐린 분비능에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사하였다. 오미자 발효주정 추출물과 뽕잎 열수 추출물의 총 폴리페놀함량은 각각 mg/g 및 mg/g이었으며, 총 플라보노이드함량은 mg/g 및 mg/g 이었다. 전자공여능은 뽕잎 열수 추출물이 로 오미자 발효 주정 추출물의 보다 높았으며 오미자 및 뽕잎 추출물의 ORAC은 각각 , TE/g

Previously we have succeeded to isolate stem cells (HEAC) from human eyelid adipose tissue, and functionally differentiate them into insulin-secreting cells. In the present study, we examined whether insulin family members might affect the insulinogenic differentiation of HEAC. Insulin treatment during culture affected little on the insulin and c-peptide secretions from HEAC after culture. However, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1 treatment decreased both secretions, whereas IGF2 greatly increased the secretions in a glucose-dependent manner. HEAC treated with IGF2 showed stronger expression of Pdx1, Isl1, Pax6 and PC1/3 genes compared to the control. They also showed distinct staining with insulin and c-peptide antibodies, and dithizone. While insulin or IGF2 treatment increased total cell number by 1.3- or 1.5-fold, respectively, each treatment increased the amount of insulin secretion by 27.1- or 78.1-fold, respectively. IGF2-enhanced insulinogenic differentiation was completely blocked by an antibody against insulin receptor (IR), but not by an antibody against IGF1 receptor (IGF1R). Differentiated HEAC showed expression of both IR and IGF1R genes while they expressed neither IGF2 nor IGF2R genes. Based upon these results, it is suggested that whereas IGF1 might inhibit the insulinogenic differentiation of HEAC, insulin and IGF2 could enhance the differentiation, and that the enhancing effect could be mediated via IR.