Nuclear power generation is expected to be enlarged for domestic electricity supply based on the 10th Basic Plan of Long-Term Electricity Supply and Demand. However, the issues on the disposal of spent nuclear fuel or high-level radioactive waste has not been solved. KBS-3 concept of the deep geological disposal and pyroprocessing has been investigated as options for disposal and treatment way of spent nuclear fuel. In other way, the radionuclide management process with 6 scenarios are devised combining chlorination treatment and alternative disposal methods for the efficient disposal of spent nuclear fuel. Various scenarios will be considered and comprehensively optimized by evaluation on many aspects, such as waste quantity, radiotoxicity, economy and so on. Level 0 to 4 were identified with the specialized nuclide groups: Level 0 (NFBC, Hull), Level 1 (Long-lived, volatile nuclides), Level 2 (High heat emitting nuclides), Level 3 (TRU/RE), Level 4 (U). The 6 options (Op.1 to 6) were proposed with the differences between scenarios, for examples, phase types of wastes, the isolated nuclide groups, chlorination process sequences. Op.1 adopts Level 0 and 1 to separate I, Tc, Se, C, Cs nuclides which are major concerns for long-term disposal through heat treatment. The rest of spent nuclear fuel will be disposed as oxide form itself. Op.2 contains Sr separation process using chlorination by MgCl2 and precipitation by K2CO3to alleviate the burden of heat after heat treatment process. U/TRU/RE will be remained and disposed in oxide form. Op.3 is set to pyroprocessing as reference method, but residual TRU/RE chlroides after electrorefining will be recovered as precipitates by K3PO4. Op.4 introduces NH4Cl to chlorinate TRU/RE from oxides after Op.2 applied and precipitates them. TRU/RE/Sr will be simultaneously chlorinated by NH4Cl without MgCl2 in Op.5. Then, chlorinated Sr and TRU/RE groups will be separated by post-chlorination process for disposal. But, chlorinated Sr and TRU/RE are designed not to be divided in disposal steps in Op.6. In this study, the mass flow analysis of radionuclide management process scenarios with updated process variables are performed. The amount and composition of wastes by types will be addressed in detail.

The radionuclide management process is a conditioning technology to reduce the burden of spent fuel management, and refers to a process that can separate and recover radionuclides having similar properties from spent fuels. In particular, through the radionuclide management process, high heat- emitting, high mobility, and high toxicity radionuclides, which have a significant impact on the performance of disposal system, are separated and managed. The performance of disposal system is closely related to properties (decay heat and radioactivity) of radioactive wastes from the radionuclide management process, and the properties are directly linked to the radionuclide separation ratio that determines the composition of radionuclides in waste flow. The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute have derived process flow diagrams for six candidates for the radionuclide management process, weighing on feasibility among various process options that can be considered. In addition, the GoldSim model has been established to calculate the mass and properties of waste from each unit process of the radionuclides management process and to observe their time variations. In this study, the candidates for the radionuclide management process are evaluated based on the waste mass and properties by using the GoldSim model, and sensitivity analysis changing the separation ratio are performed. And the effect of changes in the separation ratio for highly sensitive radionuclides on waste management strategy is analyzed. In particular, the separation ratio for high heat-emitting radionuclides determines the period of long-term decay storage.

Korea has an agreement for cooperation with 31 countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia, and Japan. Under the agreement, the obligated items must be used for peaceful purposes, comply with nuclear non-proliferation and international safeguards, and obtain prior consent of shipment in case of enrichment, reprocessing, retransfer. Among them, the United States, Canada, and Australia have signed Administrative Arrangements of Cooperation Agreements (Supplementary Arrangements in Canada) for the international transfer and annual reports of obligated items. When operators submit an annual report, the government compiles and make the annual report based on the data. Ideally, the final report is submitted by the operator should be the national annual report, but in practice, discrepancies occur between sum of the operator’s and goverment’s. In order to resolve these problems and strengthen the linkage between exports contrpol and safeguards, our institute has begun the project to develop an ‘Obligation Tracking System for internationally controlled items (OTS)’. It is believed that obligated items which are unnecessarily included or omitted in annual report could be managed properly by developing OTS for life cycle of the items such as import, disposal/ termination or transfer to other countries. In case of nuclear material, especially, the characteristics of the facilities (e.g., bulk-handling facilities) must be considered and principles of fungibility, equivalence, and proportionality should be applied to materials. In order to computerize these procedures, we would like to propose to adopt the format of Code 10 for obligated item management. Code 10 is the form of the annex to the Korea-IAEA safeguards agreement which includes all records of inventory changes, import/export, and domestic movement of nuclear materials. It is expected to minimize discrepancies between operators’ annual reporting data and national annual reporting and further contribute to enhancing national trust and nuclear transparency.

In the case of nuclear projects, when developing a new reactor type, it is necessary to confirm the reactor type, secure the safety, and especially obtain the construction permit approval of the licensing authority for construction. Schedule management is necessary to carry out nuclear projects, and progress rate management of project progress management is largely composed of three elements: scope management, cost management, and resource management. However, in the case of the small modular reactor (SMR) project currently being carried out, it is difficult to calculate the progress rate including budget and resources due to the nature of the project. Therefore, in the SMR project, it took two years from the beginning to prepare the integrated project master schedule (IPMS) to prepare the draft, and then two revisions were made over a year and a half. In this SMR project, we will consider the entire construction period such as design, purchase and production, construction, commissioning, and operation in terms of scope management. The entire document list was created using the document review and approval sheet created at the beginning of the design. In the PMIS (Project Management Information System), the number of approved documents was calculated by comparing the list of engineering documents. In the purchase production part, the main core equipment such as the primary system nuclear steam supply system (NSSS), the secondary system turbine and condenser, and the man machine interface system (MMIS) are managed. Purchasing and manufacturing management shall be managed so that major equipment can be delivered in a timely manner in accordance with the schedule for delivery of equipment in the IPMS. In order to prevent delays in the start of production, it is necessary to minimize the waiting time for work through advance management tasks such as insurance of drawing, stocking of materials, availability of production facilities, etc. In this way, we decided to carry out the schedule management for the design, purchase and manufacturing part in the SMR project first, and the installation, construction and commissioning part will be prepared for the future schedule management.

The National R&D Innovation Act emphasizes the improvement of the quality of R&D activities. The research institute is making efforts to improve the quality of research and effectively manage research implementation. KINAC has conducted various R&D projects regarding nuclear nonproliferation and nuclear security, and their scope and scale have been gradually more widened and increased. It consequently becomes important how to successfully manage research projects and ensure their qualification with the growth and complexity of research in KINAC. Unfortunately, no attempt was made to introduce and apply project management methodologies. Therefore, the objective of this study is to introduce project management standards and guidelines as an initial step towards improving the overall research quality of the institute. Project management is the well-organized application of knowledge and techniques to efficiently and effectively initiate, plan, control, and close projects, in order to achieve specific goals and meet success criteria. There are some guidelines regarding project management, including PMBOK (the Project Management Body of Knowledge), PRINCE2 (Projects in Controlled Environments), ISO 21500 (Guidance on Project Management), and PMP (Project Management Professionals), etc. They are international standards that consist of processes, guidelines, and best practices for project management. They provide structured processes and approaches to plan, execute, monitor, control, and complete projects. By reviewing the guidelines, the commonly important factors, including schedule, cost, quality, resources, communication, and risk management were introduced to apply to KINAC R&D project implementation. In addition to the management standards, systematic efforts are also continued to enhance the R&D qualities of the institute. These efforts include the implementation of a quality management system (ISO 9001:2015), development of an integrated research achievements management system, regulation development, and distribution of guidebooks for project managers and researchers. These efforts have been evaluated as improving the quality of the research.

ISO 9001:2005 is the international standard for implementing a Quality Management System (QMS), which provides a framework and principles for managing an organization’s quality management. The aim is to ensure that the organization continuously provides products and services that satisfy regulatory requirements. The “process approach” in ISO 9001 is defined as a systematic method of achieving organizational goals by comprehending and managing the interconnected processes as a cohesive system. Recently, KINAC has decided to develop standard processes in the field of R&D and performance management based on the framework of the ISO 9001:2015 quality management system. The objective of this study is to establish standardized processes for conducting research and development, as well as managing the outputs and performance of R&D activities. It involves identifying, designing, implementing, monitoring, and continually improving processes to ensure consistency, efficiency, and effective management of KINAC R&D and its achievements. Firstly, R&D and the research performance management process were defined, and the processes were categorized by function according to the requirements of ISO 9001:2015. Second, the ISO 9001 requirements were compared to the institute’s existing regulations and documents in order to identify any additional processes and procedures needed to meet the quality management requirements. Finally, the lists of quality documentation were determined for the institute’s QMS. As a result, a total of 30 QMS documents were listed, including 1 manual, 12 quality processes and procedures, and 17 quality instructions. The documents can be categorized into four process groups: the management and planning process group, the R&D and achievements management process group, the analysis and improvement process group, and the support process group. All input and output information of each process are connected and interrelated. The implementation of quality management standards and procedures for R&D in KINAC could lead to improved research practices, more reliable data collection and analysis, and increased efficiency in conducting R&D activities. For further study, it is planned to create detailed, high-quality documents that adhere to standard requirements and guidelines.

PURPOSES : The evaluation of the low-temperature performance of an asphalt mixture is crucial for mitigating transverse thermal cracking and preventing traffic accidents on expressways. Engineers in pavement agencies must identify and verify the pavement sections that require urgent management. In early 2000, the research division of the Korea Expressway Corporation developed a three-dimensional (3D) pavement condition monitoring profiler vehicle (3DPM) and an advanced infographic (AIG) highway pavement management system computer program. Owing to these efforts, the management of the entire expressway network has become more precise, effective, and efficient. However, current 3DPM and AIG technologies focus only on the pavement surface and not on the entire pavement layer. Over the years, along with monitoring, further strengthening and verification of the feasibility of current 3DPM and AIG technologies by performing extensive mechanical tests and data analyses have been recommended. METHODS : First, the pavement section that required urgent care was selected using the 3DPM and AIG approaches. Second, asphalt mixture cores were acquired from the specified section, and a low-temperature fracture test, semi- circular bending (SCB) test, was performed. The mechanical parameters, energy-release rate, and fracture toughness were computed and compared. RESULTS : As expected, the asphalt mixture cores acquired from the specified pavement section ( poor condition – bad section) exhibited negative fracture performances compared to the control section (good section). CONCLUSIONS : The current 3DPM and AIG approaches in KEC can successfully evaluate and analyze selected pavement conditions. However, more extensive experimental studies and mathematical analyses are required to further strengthen and upgrade current pavement analysis approaches.

본 연구의 목적은 헤어미용전문가의 자기관리가 직무성과 및 미용지속의도에 미치는 영향에 서 자기효능감의 매개검증에 관한 연구이다. 연구대상자는 서울․ 경기지역 헤어미용전문가로 재직하고 있는 미용전문가를 대상으로256명 설문조사하여 분석에 사용하였다. 분석방법은SPSS 28.0, AMOS 28.0 통계 패키지 프로그램을 이용하였고, 수집된 자료의 정규성 검증을 실시하여 평균, 표준편차, 첨도, 왜도 의 기술통계, 확인적 요인분석과 신뢰도분석, 상관관계, 매개효과 분석은 부트스트레핑 기법을 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구의 결과는 헤어미용전문가의 자기관리가 자기효능감, 직무성과, 미용지속의도에 유의한 정의(+)영향을 미쳤다. 헤어미용전문가의 자기효능감이 직무성과, 미용지속의도에 유의한 (+)영향을 미 쳤다. 헤어미용전문가의 자기관리와 직무성과의 관계에서 자기효능감의 매개효과가 있는 것으로 확인 되 었다. 통계적 유의 수준은 p<.05수준으로 설정하여 분석하였다.

본 연구는 ESG 경영활동이 기업의 비재무적 성과로서 기업이미지에 미치는 영향력을 분석하였다. 또한 이 과정에서 개인특성 요인인 조직동일시의 ESG경 영활동과 기업이미지와의 관계에서 매개효과를 분석하였다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위하여 ESG와 관련된 선행연구를 기반으로 연구변 수와 가설을 설정하였고, 독립변수는 ESG경영활동으로 친환경 경영, 사회적 책 임, 지배구조이며, 종속변수로는 기업이미지를 설정하였고, 매개변수는 조직동 일시를 설정하였다. 본 연구의 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, ESG 경영활동은 기업이미지와 높 은 관계가 있으며, 특히 지배구조에서의 영향력이 높게 나타나고 있다. 또한 ESG 경영활동은 사회적 책임활동이 기업이미지에 높은 영향을 미치고 있다. 둘 째, ESG 경영할동과 기업이미지와의 관계에서 조직동일시는 직접효과와 매개 효과가 모두 나타나고 있다. 본 연구의 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 본 연구에서는 ESG 경영활동에 대한 개인적 특성을 고려함으로서 새로운 패러다임의 연구모형을 설계하였다. 둘째, 기업이 지속가능경영을 위해서 ESG가 필수적이라는 것을 강조하고 있다. 셋째, 성공적인 ESG 경영활동을 위해서는 차별적 운영전략을 수립하여야 한다는 것 으로 성공적인 ESG 경영활동을 위한 타당성이 확보된 방안을 제안함으로서 기 업의 지속가능 경영을 위한 정책 자료로서 활용될 것으로 기대한다.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study was to improve the performance of concrete pavements by decreasing measurement deviations using an Internet of Things (IoT)-based air content measurement device. METHODS : We calculated the properties of concrete which varied according to the air content. For a low measurement deviation, the concrete pavement performed according to the design standard. To confirm the difference in the performance of the concrete pavement for various air contents, we verified the change in the relative dynamic modulus according to the number of freeze–thaw cycles for each value of the air content. In addition, we analyzed the number of durability cracks according to the freeze–thaw cycles in the field. RESULTS : We confirmed that IoT-based measurement equipment improved the performance of pavements without changing their mixing designs or specifications. We confirmed that the performance of concrete pavements changed even with variations in air content within the range of quality standards. Using IoT-based air content management, we confirmed the reduction in concrete pavement durability cracks without changing the mixing design. CONCLUSIONS : We confirmed that IoT-based air-content management improved pavement performance. The feasibility of extending this concept to manage other concrete properties such as the chloride content should be acknowledged. Future research will require laboratory tests to understand the variation in concrete properties with varying air contents and to consider diverse load conditions.

먹노린재의 방제시기 설정을 위하여 서식지 내 발생 양상을 조사하였다. 전라남도를 중심으로 돌발 대량 발생 한 먹노린재의 발생 조사는 2023년도 벼의 모내기가 완료된 시점부터 전남 곡성군 석곡면과 여수시 화양면 일대 의 친환경단지에서 주 1회 실시하였으며, 벼의 수확이 완료되는 시점까지 진행될 예정이다. 금년도 발생 조사 결과는 지난 2021년도 결과와 비교하여 분석하고자 하였다. 현제까지의 결과, 여수시의 친환경단지 내 먹노린재 의 발생은 모내기가 완료된 이 후 2주 경과 시점에서 발견되었으며, 곡성군은 4주 경과 시점에서 발견되었고, 발생 최고점은 여수시의 경우 모내기 후 6주 경과 시점으로, 곡성군의 경우 5주 경과 시점으로 나타났다. 먹노린재 의 대발생이 지속되던 2021년도의 결과와 비교하였을 때, 2023년도 결과도 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 이에 따라, 먹노린재 친환경제재 살포 시기는 모내기 후 2주 경과 시점이 적절한 것으로 나타났으며, 2차 방제 시점에 대해서 는 추가 조사를 통해서 제안하고자 한다.

긴털가루진드기(Tyrophagus putrescentiae)는 주로 실내에 서식하며 알레르기 및 호흡기 질환을 일으키는 주 요 해충이다. 주로 침구류에서 발생하며, 사람이나 동물로부터 떨어진 각질과 비듬 또는 저장 곡식 등을 주요 먹이원으로 한다. 암컷 한 마리가 일생에 200~300개의 알을 산란하기 때문에 빠르게 번식할 수 있으며, 육안으로 확인할 수 없는 크기이기 때문에 관찰 및 관리가 불가능하다. 하지만 긴털가루진드기로 인해 발생하는 알레르기 에 관한 연구는 환자의 치료에 초점이 맞춰져 있기 때문에, 근본적으로 알레르기를 발생시키는 원인을 해결할 수 있는 방안이 부족한 상황이다. 본 연구에서는 가정에서 발생할 수 있는 긴털가루진드기를 효과적으로 방제하 기 위한 통합적 방제 전략을 제시한다. 열, 살비제(Chlorfenapyr, Spiromesifen, Pyflubumide), 초음파, Essential oil(Lemongrass, Peppermint)을 사용하여 살비 및 기피 효과를 확인하였다. 고온 노출은 100% 살비 효과를 보여주 었으며, 살비제는 3시간 동안 90% 이상의 살비 효과를 보여주었다. 긴털가루진드기가 초음파에 노출되었을 때 23%의 기피 행동을 관찰하였으며, Essential oil(Lemongrass, Peppermint)을 유인용 먹이에 처리했을 때, 긴털가루 진드기 97%의 접근을 차단하였다. 본 연구를 통해 실내 알레르기의 가장 중요한 원인으로 주목받는 긴털가루진 드기에 대한 체계적인 방제 전략을 적절한 환경에 적용시킴으로써, 집먼지진드기로 인한 알레르기 및 호흡기 질환 발생을 감소시키고 안전한 주거 환경을 조성할 것으로 기대한다.

Recently, the occurrence of the fall webworm, one of the foreign invasive pests, is rapidly increasing due to the increase in average annual temperature due to global climate changes. In this study, we are presenting diverse eco-friendly technologies to control the fall webworm. (Grant No. PJ014845032023).

농가 현장에서는 미소 해충의 약제저항성 발달로 인하여 방제에 어려움을 겪고 있다. 본 연구는 약제저항성 수준을 효율적으로 진단하고, 화학적 방제 의사결정을 지원할 수 있는 약제저항성 관리 플랫폼을 구축하고자 수행하였다. 플랫폼은 크게 ⅰ) 농가 맞춤형 약제 추천, ⅱ) 지역별 약제저항성 지도로 구성되어 있다. 이용자는 잔류접촉법 기반의 생물검정법 RCVpW(Residual Contact Vial plus Water) 결과를 현장에서 입력하면 PLS에 부합 한 약제 정보를 제공받을 수 있다. 또한 생물검정 결과는 DB화를 통해 지역별 약제 저항성 정보 지도를 보여줌으 로써 해충별, 작물별, 연도별 저항성 패턴 결과를 확인할 수 있다. 본 플랫폼을 활용한다면 약제의 오남용을 줄임 은 물론 해충의 약제저항성 발달 지연 및 약제저항성 발달 양상을 확인할 수 있어 향후 방제전략 수립에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

The Varroa mite, Varroa destructor is an ectoparasite that parasitizes honey bees. The widespread usage of acaricides, particularly fluvalinate, has resulted in the emergence of resistance in Varroa mite populations all over the world. The goal of this study is to track fluvalinate resistance in Varroa mite field populations in Korea using both bioassay and molecular markers. To accomplish this, a residual contact vial (RCV) bioassay for on-site resistance monitoring was developed. Early mortality evaluation in the RCV bioassay was effective for reliably separating mites with the knockdown resistance (kdr) genotype, but late mortality evaluation was useful for distinguishing mites with additional resistance factors. The RCV bioassay of 14 field mite populations collected in 2021 revealed potential resistance development in four populations. Quantitative sequencing was used as an alternate method to examine the frequency of the L925I/M mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc), which is related with the fluvalinate kdr phenotype. While the mutation was not present in Varroa mite populations in 2020, it appeared in 2021, rose in frequency in 2022, and was practically ubiquitous across the country by 2023. This recent emergence and rapid spread of fluvalinate resistance within a span of three years demonstrate the Varroa mite's significant potential for developing resistance. This situation emphasizes the critical necessity to replace fluvalinate with alternate acaricides, such as fenpyroximate, coumaphos, and amitraz. A few novel vgsc mutations potentially involved in resistance were identified. Potential factors driving the rapid expansion of resistance were further discussed.

Honeybee winter failure and mortality are a big issue in korea, especially from 2021 to 2023. Traditionally, honeybee winter failure has been estimated as Approximately 10-20%. However, for last 2 years, we had more than 35% of winter failure which impacted not only beekeeping sectors but also agriculture and the whole society as well. Primary factor was ascribed as honeybee mite resistance development to conventional acaricudes. Coinhabitance of tropilaelaps mite in honeybee complicated the mite problem. Further threat of vespa hornets especially in fall season would exerbate the wintering condition. More important is that the more frequent abnormal weather condition in fall and winter season could affected the winter bee production and maintenance of honeybee overwintering physiology. On these situation, we also observed some diseases were associated to the death of bees.

Honeybee winter failure and mortality are a big issue in korea, especially from 2021 to 2023. Traditionally, honeybee winter failure has been estimated as Approximately 10-20%. However, for last 2 years, we had more than 35% of winter failure which impacted not only beekeeping sectors but also agriculture and the whole society as well. Primary factor was ascribed as honeybee mite resistance development to conventional acaricudes. Coinhabitance of tropilaelaps mite in honeybee complicated the mite problem. Further threat of vespa hornets especially in fall season would exerbate the wintering condition. More important is that the more frequent abnormal weather condition in fall and winter season could affected the winter bee production and maintenance of honeybee overwintering physiology. On these situation, we also observed some diseases were associated to the death of bees.