The ultrastructural characteristics of germ cell differentiations during spermatogenesis and mature sperm morphology in male () were evaluated via transmission electron microscopic observation. The accessory cells, which contained a large quantity of glycogen particles and lipid droplets in the cytoplasm, are assumed to be involved in nutrient supply for germ cell development. Morphologically, the sperm nucleus and acrosome of this species are ovoid and conical in shape, respectively. The acrosomal vesicle, which is formed by two kinds of electron-dense or lucent materials, appears from the base to the tip: a thick and slender elliptical line, which is composed of electron-dense opaque material, appears along the outer part (region) of the acrosomal vesicle from the base to the tip, whereas the inner part (region) of the acrosomal vesicle is composed of electron-lucent material in the acrosomal vesicle. Two special characteristics, which are found in the acrosomal vesicle of A. () in Pinnidae (subclass Pteriomorphia), can be employed for phylogenetic and taxonomic analyses as a taxonomic key or a significant tool. The spermatozoa were approximately in length, including a sperm nucleus (about in length), an acrosome (about in length), and a tail flagellum (about ). The axoneme of the sperm tail evidences a 9+2 structure.

본 연구는 최근 한방자원, 사료자원, 바이오에너지 자원 등 다양하게 이용되는 국내 자생 억새(Miscanthus sinensis)의 대량생산 및 신품종 개발을 위한 조직배양체계 확립을 위해 수행되었다. 이를 위해 억새 완숙종자로부터의 캘러스 유도와 재분화를 위한 식물생장조절제의 적정농도를 규명하였다. 억새의 성숙종자유래 배발생 캘러스 유도를 위해 2,4-D, IBA, NAA를 1~10 mg·L-1의 농도로 단용 처리한 결과, 5 mg·L-1 2,4-D 처리에서 가장 높은 85.3%의 캘러스 유도율과 캘러스의 증식을 보였으며 조직배양 과정 중 갈변화율도 가장 낮았다. 또한, 캘러스의 재분화를 위해 옥신인 NAA와 Kinetin, 2-iP, 또는 BAP 등의 사이토키닌을 혼용 처리한 결과, 각각 19.0%~59.0%, 23.0%~67.3%, 14.7%~83.7%의 재분화율을 보여 NAA와 BAP의 혼용 처리구가 NAA와 Kinetin 또는 2-iP와 혼용 처리구보다 식물체 재분화에 효과적이었다. 특히 3 mg·L-1 NAA와 5 mg·L-1 BAP 혼용 처리된 배지에서의 재분화율이 83.7%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 캘러스 당 재분화 식물체 개수도 5.5개로 동일농도의 2-iP 또는 Kinetin 혼용 처리 시 2.1 및 2.0개보다 많았다. 본 연구결과 억새 성숙 종자로부터의 배발생 캘러스 유도에는 5 mg·L-1 2,4-D가 그리고 캘러스의 재분화에는 3 mg·L-1 NAA와 5 mg·L-1 BAP 혼용 처리가 가장 효율적이었다. 본 연구를 통해 확립된 조직배양체계는 억새의 대량생산 및 신품종 개발에 유용할 것으로 판단된다.

Soybean proteins are widely used for human and animal feeds worldwide. The use of soybean protein has been expanded in the food industry due to their excellent nutritional benefits. But, antinutritional and allergenic factors are present in the raw mature soybean. P34 protein, referred as Gly m Bd 30K, has been identified as a predominant immunodominant allergen. The objective of this research is to identify the genetic mode of P34 protein for the improvement of soybean cultivar with a very low level of P34 protein. Two F2 populations were developed from the cross of "Pungsannamulkong" x PI567476 and "Gaechuck2ho" x PI567476 (very low level of P34 protein). Relative amount of P34 protein was observed by Western blot analysis. The observed data for the progeny of "Pungsannamulkong" and PI567476 were 133 seeds with normal content of P34 protein and 35 seeds with very low level of P34 protein (X2=1.157, P=0.20-0.30). For the progeny of "Gaechuck#1" and PI567476, the observed data were 177 seeds with normal content of P34 protein and 73 seeds with very low level of P34 protein (X2=2.353, P=0.10-0.20). From pooled data, observed data were 310 seeds with normal content of P34 protein and 108 seeds with very low level of P34 protein (X2=0.156, P=0.50-0.70). The segregation ratio (3:1) and the Chi-square value obtained from the two populations suggested that P34 protein in mature soybean seed is controlled by a single major gene. Single gene inheritance of P34 protein was confirmed in 32 F2 derived lines in F3 seeds, which were germinated from the low level of P34 protein obtained from the cross of "Pungsannamulkong" and PI567476. These results may provide valuable information to breed for new soybean line with low level of P34 protein and identification of molecular markers linked to P34 locus.

본 연구는 수컷 살조개 Protothaca (Notochione) yessoensis의 정자 형성 과정 중 생식세포들의 분화와 성숙정자의 미세구조 특징에 관한 몇 가지 특징을 투과전자현미경 관찰에 의해 조사하였다. 본 종의 정자형태는 원시형(primitive type)으로, 이매패강, 이치아강(Heterodonta)에 속하는 다른 종들과 유사하다. 생식세포에 인접하여 연결되어 있는 보조세포들은 생식세포들의 발달을 위해 영양공급에 관여한다. 본 종의 정자의 핵형은 긴 원통형이며 첨체의 형태는 모자모양이다. 정자는 길이가 대략 46～50 ㎛이며, 길다란 정핵(길이 약 2.44 ㎛)과, 첨체(길이 0.45 ㎛), 그리고 미부 편모(약 42～46 ㎛)로 이루어져 있다. 미부 편모의 악소님(axoneme)은 9+2 구조를 나타낸다. 첨체소포의 특징으로써 basal ring의 기저부 위에서 측면부위는 전자밀도가 불투명한 부위를 나타내나, 첨체소포의 앞쪽 정단부위는 전자밀도가 비교적 투명한 부위로 나타나는 특징을 보인다. 이것이 이치아강에 속하는 백합과와 또 다른 여러 과들에 속하는 종들의 정자들이 갖는 첨체소포의 공통특징이다. 따라서 이치아강이 갖는 이들 첨체소포가 갖는 공통특징은 분류의 key 또는 중요한 도구로써 계통․분류를 위해 사용될 수 있다. 정자 중편에 있는 미토콘드리아 수는 4개로 이치아강 내에서 백합과의 3종을 제외한 모든 종들과 다른 과들의 종들에서 공통으로 나타나고 있는데, 예외로, 개조개, 백합, 가무락조개 만은 중편의 미토콘드리아가 5개로 이루어져 있다. 미토콘드리아 수는 과나 또는 상과 수준에서 종들의 분류학적 분석을 할 경우, 분류 key 또는 중요한 도구로 사용될 수 있다.

Brachypodium distachyon is rapidly emerged in biological study and has been currently used as a model system for genetics and functional studies for crop improvement and biofuel production. Phosphinothricin (PPT) has been widely used as a selectable agent, which raises ammonium content and induces toxicity in non-transformed plant cells. However PPT selection is not much effective on Brachypodium callus consequently reducing transformation efficiency. In order to identify the efficient conditions of PPT selection, calli obtained from mature seeds of Brachypodium (PI 254867) were cultured on the callus inducing medium (CIM) or regeneration medium (ReM) containing serial dilutions of the PPT (0, 2, 5, 10, and 15 mg/l) in dark or light condition. Callus growth and ammonium content of each treatment were measured 2 weeks after the treatment. Although callus growth and ammonium content did not show much difference in CIM, slow callus growth and increased ammonium accumulation were found in ReM. No significant difference of ammonium accumulation in response to PPT was found between dark and light conditions. In order to identify major factors affecting increased ammonium accumulation, callus was cultured on the media in combined with phytohormones (2,4-D or kinetin) and carbon sources (sucrose or maltose) containing with PPT (5 mg/l). The highest ammonium content in callus was found in the kinetin and maltose media.

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is one of important forage crop grass widely cultivated in Korea. Progress in breeding using conventional selection procedure is very slow, since Italian ryegrass is highly self-infertile. Biotechnological approaches, therefore, may contribute to the development of improved cultivars for forage crops. In an effort to optimize tissue culture responses of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) for future genetic manipulations to improve forage characteristics, the effects of culture medium supplements on tissue culture responses were investigated with mature seeds of Korean Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) seven cultivars as explant tissues.

Somatic embryos on growth regulator-free medium can be produced directly from cotyledon explants of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. When the embryo developmental stage was torpedo and cotyledon, the germination rate of embryos was quite high on MS medium supplemented with gibberellic acid (GA3). However, the percentage of plantlet formation at the cotyledon stage was higher than that at the torpedo stage. This result demonstrates that the embryo at the cotyledon stage was the most appropriate for increasing germination by GA3. Embryos cultured on medium including four levels of GA3 concentrations (3, 5, 10, or 20 mg/l) showed all quite high germination rates (87-91%). When the well-developed embryos were continuously cultured on media including high concentrations of GA3 from 10 to 20 mg/l, the percentage of formation of normal plantlets was lower than that seen under low concentrations from 3 to 5 mg/l. This treatment of high concentrations resulted in shoots with abnormal shape. The optimal GA3 treatment provides a basis for the efficient method obtaining healthy plantlets derived from ginseng somatic embryos.

A method for plant regeneration via organogenesis from Pelagonium inquinans leaf disc has been developed. Mature leaf explants were collected from field-grown plants and used for the induction of adventitious shoot regeneration on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 3% (w/v) sucrose plus plant growth regulators. Maximum shoot organogenesis, with 11.8±1.5 shoots (98.6%) per leaf disc, was obtained with 2 mg/l N6-benzyladenine (BA) and 0.5 mg/l α-naphthyleneacetic acid (NAA) in 30 days. For rooting, the in vitro proliferated and elongated shoots were excised into 1.5-2 cm in length microcutting, which were plated individually on an half-strength MS (1/2MS) medium supplemented with 2% (w/v) sucrose plus various concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Shoots rooted with a frequency of 100% following culture on 1/2MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l IBA.

Mature embryos were aseptically excised with a scalpel and sliced in fragments measuring 0.5 mm in diameter (sliced mature embryo fragment; 4 ~~ 5 fragments/one embryo). Sliced mature embryo fragments of six wheat cultivars were cultured to develop an efficient method of callus induction and plant regeneration. Callus derived from sliced mature embryo fragments showed a good capacity to embryogenesis and regeneration. Furthermore sliced mature embryo fragments decreased contamination from fungi and bacteria. The high efficiency of callus induction were obtained Keumkangmil and Bob­white. For plant regeneration, selected embryogenic calli were transferred to two types regeneration media. An average number of green spots per callus was 4 to 5 in regeneration media after about one week. Percentage of plant regeneration showed high in regeneration medium containing 0.1 mg/l 2,4-D and 5 mg/l zeatin. Especially, Keumkangmil (27.5~% ) and Bobwhite (33.3~% ) showed high regeneration efficiency. This regeneration system from sliced mature embryo fragments may provide an effective and convenient explant for plant transformation studies

미류나무 절간조직(2년생)을 이용하여 식물생장조절물질이 함유된 MS배지에서 대량의 식물체를 증식시켰다. 대부분의 식물체는 BA 1.0 + TDZ 0.1 mg/L가 함유한 배지에서 줄기의 형성층 부분에서 절편당 24.6 ± 4.6개의 줄기가 유기되었으며, 몇몇 줄기는 피목 부분의 조직에서 유기되었다. 신장된 줄기는 NAA 0.01 mg/L가 포함된 배지에서 94.6%의 발근이 이루어졌다. 신장된 줄기의 발근은 식물생장조절물질에 따라 차이를 보여 NAA와 IBA에서 90% 이상의 발근이 촉진되었으나, cytokinin류를 처리한 시료에서는 50% 이하의 낮은 발근율을 나타냈다. 발근된 유식 물체는 Cell-tray의 인공상토(peatmoss : vermiculite : perlite = 1 : 1 : 1)에 이식하여 8주간 생육후 98%의 높은 생존율을 나타냈다. 본 연구결과, 2년생 미루나무류의 줄기에서 직접 대량의 줄기를 유도하여 대량증식과정을 단순화 시켰을 뿐만 아니라 조직배양묘 경화시 multi-cap을 이용하여 생존율을 향상시킬 수 있었다.

노각나무의 기내번식법을 개발하기 위하여 성숙 배조직을 절편으로 MS 배지에 BA 및 NAA의 단독 또는 혼용처리로 부정아 유도에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 대체적으로 BA의 단독 처리가 부정아 유도에 효과적이었으며 1.0mg/L 처리 시 절편 당 약 11개의 부정아가 유도되었다 NAA와의 혼용 처리 시는 대체로 부정아 유도 율이 저조하였으나 0.5mg/L이상의 BA를 처리하였을 때 일부 혼용 효과를 확인할 수 있었다 생장조절제의 처리에 따라 부정아의 형태에 많은 차이를 나타내어 BA와 NAA의 혼용처리 시는 BA 단독처리 시보다 짧고 진녹색의 부정아로 유도되었고, 뿌리 발달은 0.5mg/L의 NAA 처리구에서 가장 높아 정상적인 식물체로 재분화 되었다. 본 연구는 노각나무의 성숙 배조직을 절편으로 기내 식물체 유도가 가능함을 보여 주었다.

Mature embryo and leaf base segment of Korean oat were used as materials in an experiment to check plant regeneration efficiency. MS media supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), kinetin, and picloram were used for callus induction from mature embryos and leaf base segments. Three mg/l of 2,4­D and 3 mg/l of picloram in callus induction medium showed high frequency for plant regeneration from mature embryos. Leaf base segments were transferred to callus induction medium and incubated at 25~circC in 16/8 hr light/dark cycle for 3 weeks. Callus induction from leaf base segments of Malgwiri showed high efficiency in medium containing 3 mg/l of 2,4-D and 1 mg/l of kinetin (91.8~%) . In case of Samhangwiri, the combinations of phytohormones did not show significant difference. Regeneration from leaf base segments showed high frequency in shoot medium containing 1 mg/l of antiauxin, tri-iodobenzoic acid (TIBA) and 1 mg/l of 6-benzyladenine (BA). Calli induced from leaf base segments of Samhangwiri and Malgwiri in media containing 3 mg/l of 2,4-D and 3 mg/l of picloram showed high regeneration frequency. It appears that the callus initiation medium may be an important factor for subsequent plant regeneration.

미성숙의 Germinal Vesicle(GV 단계에서 성숙한 Metaphase II(MII) 단계가 되는 난자성숙 과정은 핵과 세포질의 성숙을 통해 이루어지며, 이를 통해 수정과 배 발달을 할 수 있는 능력을 갖게 된다. GV 난자는 prophase I 단계에 arrest 되어 있다가 meiosis 과정을 거쳐 성숙한 MII로 되는데 이를 조절하는 기작에 대해서는 거의 알려져 있지 않다. 따라서 본 연구는 미성숙 난자와 성숙 난자간의 유전자 발현의 차이

Immature and mature embryos of 18 Korean wheat genotypes were cultured in vitro to develop an efficient method of callus formation and plant regeneration, and to compare the responses of both embryo cultures. Immature and mature embryos were placed on a solid agar medium containing the MS salts and vitamins, 30g/l maltose, 2 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and amino acids. The developed calli were maintained on regeneration medium containing MS salts and B5 vitamins, 20 g/l sucrose, and the combination of two plant growth regulators, 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Immature embryos in most genotypes showed high efficiency of callus induction except three genotypes; Eunpamil, Chunggemil, and Namhaemil, and significant differences among the genotypes. Plant regeneration of calli induced from immature embryos showed high efficiency in Geurumil (56.5%), Tapdongmil (50.5%), Gobunmil (45.5%), and Urimil(42.2%). The analysis of variance showed significant differences for regeneration frequency among the genotypes. Mature embryos showed low callus induction frequency compared with that in immature embryos, and significant differences among the genotypes. Plant regeneration of calli induced from mature embryos showed high efficiency in Keumkangmil (33.33%), Tapdongmil(28.13%), and Geurumil (27.78%). The analysis of variance showed significant differences for plant regeneration frequency among the genotypes.

Mature embryos of five oat genotypes were cultured to develop an efficient method of callus induction and plant regeneration. Murashige and Skoog(MS) and N6 media supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and kinetin were used for callus induction. Percentage of callus induction showed significant among the combinations of plant growth regulators. Callus induction showed high efficiency in medium containing 3 mg/~ell of 2,4-D. The high frequency of callus induction was obtained in Gwiri37. For plant regeneration, calli induced from mature embryos were transferred onto MS and N6 media supplemented with combinations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) for 5 weeks. Percentage of plant regeneration showed high in MS medium containing 0.2 mg/~ell of NAA and 1 mg/~ell of BA. The callus initiation medium affected the subsequent plant regeneration. Treatment with 3 mg/~ell of 2,4-D, and 3 mg/~ell of 2,4-D and 3 mg/~ell of kinetin in callus induction media showed high frequency for plant regeneration. Plant regeneration frequency among the genotypes showed significant. Especially, Gwiri37 showed high regeneration frequency. Regenerated shoots were treated with 200, 350 and 500 mg/~ell of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) transferred onto half-strength MS medium without plant growth regulators. Treatment of shoots with IBA induced root formation rapidly