This study aims to distinguish between various Ethiopian durum wheat varieties based on their genetic identity using chemical and morphological characterization of seeds. Combinatorial employment of five chemical tests on seeds showed marked qualitative variation among the test varieties, with high discriminatory potential noted for the standard phenol test, followed by the modified phenol and iodide tests. The modified phenol test was instrumental in further discriminating between the varieties that were not identified using the standard phenol test. Unlike the iodide and phenol tests, the NaOH and KOH tests did not show significant variation among the varieties. These results underscore the efficacy of phenol and iodide tests in differentiating between durum wheat varieties. Although the morphological traits were advantageous in seed characterization, they lacked discriminatory power compared with that of the chemical tests. This study concludes that a single test is inadequate for varietal discrimination; rather, a combination of chemical tests can augment the discriminatory potential.

To identify some significant phenotypic characteristics of maize(zea mays) seeds, we have obtained Red, Green, Blue(RGB) digital image data from 82 recombinant inbred lines. Based on the collected image data, their morphological and color data were analyzed, and seven significant parameters were selected, including area, perimeter, length, width, circularity, roundness, and surface texture. The extracted RGB data were converted into color hex codes to visualize the representative colors of the seeds. These visualized colors were categorized into six groups: gray, yellowish white, yellow, grayish orange, purple, and brown. The results of maize seed phenotypic analysis using the RGB digital images in this study will serve as a useful tool for constructing a database of seed phenotyping database and establishing a standardized classification system.

To elucidate how cultivation temperature affected various traits including pileus color, yield and morphology of Pleurotusspp. Main results were as follows. Pileus lightness of all cultivars of Pleurotustested became higher as cultivation temperature increased, while those of Santari, Hwang-geumsantari and Sunjung at 21oC were lower than at 18oC. Redness and yellowness of pileus decreased as cultivation temperature increased; those of chromatic pileus cultivars showed noticeable difference. Yellowness of cultivar with chromatic pileus was higher than that of cultivar with achromatic pileus. Yield was increased as cultivation temperature increased, Wonhyeung 1ho; low temperature favored cultivar showed high yield when it was cultivated at low temperature andno fruiting body at 21oC. Valid number of stipes were generally higher at 18oC, and its correlation coefficient with yield was low. Length and stipe thickness changed consistently (larger and thicker) upon cultivation temperature; the coefficient of determination(R2) 0.514 for lengthof Heuktari and 0.963for stipe thickness of Santari were high. Correlation coefficient of one trait was highly related with multiple traits. In the future, we will conduct research on the changes of expressed genes involved in the pigments for pileus color by RNA expression analysis.

The currently cultivated varieties of moth orchid flowers have weak or no fragrance and the plant requires high temperatures for cultivation. In order to develop a new variety of orchid that is psychrophilic and fragrant, intergeneric cross between wild wind orchids and moth orchids was performed. In 2009, To obtain intergeneric hybrids from Sedirea japonicum and Neofinetia falcata with moth orchids, artificial crosses with a total of 160 combinations were performed. Most of the cross combinations failed due to crossincompatibility after intergeneric crosses, with no pod formation, premature pod dropping after pod formation, and pod formation that did not produce seeds. From among these, the crosses that formed normal seeds and germinated to produce viable plants included Doritis pulcherrima × S. japonicum, N. falcata × D. pulcherrima, and N. falcata × P. equestris. From the hybrid specimens obtained through these crosses, 2 superior lines (819-3B and K9256) were selected based on their floral morphology, number of flowers, hardiness, and fragrance. Comparative analyses of the morphological and chromosomal traits were performed between the selected hybrid specimens and their parents. The flower and inflorescence characteristics of the selected hybrids exhibited intermediary traits of both the parents; however, more traits from the moth orchids were inherited. For pollinia traits, both 819-3B and K9256 specimens exhibited intermediate forms of their parents in terms of their shape and size. In the case of 819-3B specimen, a high degree of trait similarity with that of D. pulcherrima was observed; whereas, K9256 specimen showed lobes similar to that of P. equestris. The ploidy of moth orchid, S. japonicum, and N. falcata used for crosses was diploid, as determined by microscopic examination and ploidy analysis. The microscopic examination of chromosomes from the intergeneric hybrid pollens revealed mutation of the chromosome count among different specimens as well as irregular chromosome separation. For the production of next-generation progeny using the obtained hybrids, back-cross was performed; however, most of the progeny obtained were sterile and, among the 12 back-crosses, pod formation was noted in S. japonicum × 819-3B and 819-3B × S. japonicum crosses only.

본 연구는 농업유전자원센터에 보존되어있는 우리나라 및 불가리아 재래종 강낭콩 유전자원 130점을 대상으로 형태적특성을 조사하고, 155점에 대해 분자마커를 이용하여 우리나라와 불가리아 재래종 강낭콩 유전자원의 유전적 다양성을 분석하였으며 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 개화일수는 최소 50일에서 최대 79일, 평균 54.5일이었으며 성숙일수는 최소 25일, 최대 64일, 평균 38.9일 이었고 생육일수는 최소 83일, 최대 123일, 평균 93.4일이었다. 불가리아 재래종 자원들이 한국 재래종 자원보다 개화일수는 3.1일, 성숙일수는 3.6일, 생육일수는 6.7일 늦은 것으로 조사되었다. 2. 공시자원의 100립중은 19~71g 사이에 분포하였고, 평균 100립중은 41.2 g이었으며, 우리나라 재래종 자원은 평균 100립중이 40.9 g, 불가리아 재래종 자원은 42.4 g 이었다. 3. 조사대상 자원의 질적형질 중 생육습성은 한국 자원은 직립형이 87.6%인 반면 불가리아 자원은 덩굴성이 60.0%였으며, 한국 자원의 화색은 보라색 줄무늬가 있는 백색이 80%로 가장 많았으나 불가리아 자원은 백색자원이 52%를 차지하였다. 종피색은 한국 자원은 적색이 61%, 불가리아 자원은 백색이48%를 차지하여 국가간 선호도와 용도에 따른 차이가 있을것으로 보였다. 4. 10개의 SSR 마커를 이용하여 다양성을 분석한 결과 PIC 0.6181을 얻었으며, 국가별 분석 결과 다양성은 gene diversity와 PIC로 볼 때 불가리아 자원이 다양성이 높은 것으로 조사되어 불가리아에서 도입한 강낭콩 유전자원이 강낭콩 수집단의 유전적 다양성 증대에 기여한 것으로 평가된다.

본 연구에서는 쓴메밀 74개 유전자원의 종자 표현형 및 화학 형과 관련된 8개 주요형질을 평가하였으며, 그 결과를 바탕으로 주성분분석 및 군집분석을 수행하였다. 또한 rutin 고함유 자원 등 기능성 쓴메밀 육성재료로 활용가능한 유망 유전자원을 선발하였다. 쓴메밀 유전자원의 종자크기는 일반메밀보다 작은 평균 5.2 × 3.4 ㎜였으며, 종피색은 흑갈색이 45.9%로 가장 많았다. 종자모양은 달갈형과 타원형이 주를 이루었다. 쓴메밀 종자의 유용성분 평균 함량은 rutin이 1,393 ㎎/100 g DW였다. Flavonoid 함량 범위는 253-2,669 ㎎/100 g이었으며, polyphenol 함량 범위는 209-1,823 ㎎/100 g 으로 나타냈다. 쓴메밀 유전자원의 주성분 분석 결과, 제3주성분까지 적용하였을 때 전체 분산의 68.55%를 설명할 수 있었다. 제1주성분에는 rutin, flavonoid 및 polyphenol, 제2주성분에서는 종자길이, 제3주성분에서는 종자폭의 비중이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이를 바탕으로 5개의 군집으로 구분할 수 있었으며, 유전자원을 구분하는 가장 중요한 형질로는 rutin, flavonoid 및 polyphenol이었다. 쓴메밀 유전 자원 중 5개 자원(HLB1004, HLB1005, HLB1007, HLB1009, HLB1013)이 높은 rutin 함량을 보였으며, 이러한 유용자원들은 향후 기능성 육종소재 개발에 효과적으로 활용가능할 것으로 기대된다.

The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) promotes an effective system of plant variety protection and encourages the development of new varieties of plants. This international convention was initiated to standardize the system efforts and strengthen policy. The establishment of cultivar discrimination system is very important to distinguish varieties between domestic and foreign agricultural products. It is necessary for the protection of breeders’rights. In addition, it will help for more efficient and quality management of plant breeding. This study was conducted to identify and group rice varieties based on agro-morphological characteristics such as plant height, panicle length, number of tillers, culm length, leaf length, leaf width, leaf pigments and flag leaf angles. Using these parameters, statistical analysis classified a total of 243 rice varieties bred in Korea into four groups. Most rice varieties did not exhibit anthocyanin pigments on the leaves particularly on the first leaf, leaf blade, leaf sheath and auricle, except for varieties classified as black rice. Results of phylogenetic and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that these varieties formed three largely distinct clusters according to their ecotype and morphological differentiation. This result would be useful in rice varietal identification for the protection of breeders’variety rights.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has been used as both food and medicine in many cultures for thousands of years. Garlic cultivars are completely sterile and propagated through vegetative method. Collection of a large number of fertile accessions of these genus is needed to explore genetic variability. In order to investigate genetic variation among Allium species and its possibilities for direct cultivation in Korea, we characterized 12 accessions of A. longicuspis, flowering wild garlic which had collected from Central Asia, the main center of garlic diversity. Most of A. longicuspis accessions showed higher over-wintering and bolting rate, longer scape length and more number of bulbils than Korean landraces cultivar, Danyang and Euiseong, but A. longicuspis accessions exhibited smaller size of bulbs and bulbils. Most accessions of A. longicuspis had more number of cloves per bulb, except K229596 and K248824 than Korean landraces. All the accessions of A. longicuspis from Central Asia had complete bolters having many flowers and topsets in umbel. Further studies of A. longicuspis should focus on securing true seeds through removal of topsets and crosses among accessions to create the genetic variability.

More than 300 Miscanthus accessions as a potential bioenergy crop were collected in Korea and their morphological traits were investigated at various growth stages. Among morphological traits, stem growth habit, the presence of awn in spikelet, and autumn new shoot are the most important key traits enabling to cluster Miscanthus accessions into M. sinensis and M. sacchariflorus groups. Miscanthus sinensis has bunch stem growth habit and awn in spikelet, and produces autumn new shoot, while M. sacchariflorus has scattering stem growth habit with no awn in spikelet and does not produce autumn new shoot. Interestingly, we found several Miscanthus accessions showing intermediate morphological traits. 7 M. sinensis accessions showed morphological traits similar to M. sacchariflorus and 17 M. sacchariflorus accessions showed morphological traits similar to M. sinensis. Flow cytometry and chromosome counting finally revealed 5 Miscanthus hybrids, suggesting that they are resulted from natural hybridization between M. sinensis and M. sacchariflorus. Therefore, these Miscanthus hybrids can be used to understand genetic recombination between these two Miscanthus species and our understanding may support future efforts for breeding new Miscanthus variety with high biomass productivity and environmental adaptability.

Biomass crops have potential as a source of renewable CO2-neutral energy to ease concerns about fossil fuel consumption. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in high biomass crops such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). Switchgrass is a perennial C4 grass that requires low cost for biomass production. In the previous study, we evaluated forty switchgrass germplasms for biomass yield and classified the germplasms into the high-, medium-, and low-yielding groups. In this experiment, we evaluated response of switchgrass accessions to fertilizer applications. A recommended level of fertilizer was applied to the field and responses of morphological and agronomic characteristics affecting biomass productivity (panicle length, clum length, leaf width, thickness, tiller numbers, effective tiller numbers, seed weight, plant weight) were analyzed. Also, the composition of organic compounds (crude protein, crude fat, ash, glucose, xylose) and mineral elements were analyzed for the two selected lines from each biomass yield group by the levels of exchangeable cations in the soil. Positive correlations were found between biomass yield and content of crude protein, crude fat, ash, T-N, glucose, and xylose. However, no relations were found between biomass yield and mineral elements such as Na, P, K, Fe and Zn. Biomass yield was increased by 1.9-fold by the fertilizer application and the traits most significantly affected by fertilizer application were effective tiller number and plant weight. The accessions that showed less than 10% increase in biomass productivity by the fertilizer application were accession 26, 29, 13, and 18. This study was supported by Technology Development Program for New Bioenergy (subject number-20070301030016), Rural Development Adiministration, Republic of Korea.

Barley landraces harbor significantly higher genetic diversity than modern cultivars. Diversity of agronomic and morphological traits was investigated for 386 accessions of Korean landrace barley which were back-introduced from Okayama University, Japan. Among the accessions, 279 were covered barley and 89 naked barley. Seeds were sowed in late October and major growth characteristics were investigated at maturity and after harvest. The traits evaluated exhibited higher variation with respect to the CV, ranging from 47 to 60. The trait exhibiting the greatest variation was flag leaf width (FLW, CV=60 with 2.8x difference between minimum 0.6 and maximum 1.7). Those traits exhibiting least variation were heading date (HD, CV=47.2 with 31 days difference between the earliest and the latest) and seed number per spike (SNS, CV= 48.9 with 2.8x difference between minimum 36 and maximum 72). The other eight traits [maturity date (MD, CV= 53.7), culm length (CL, CV= 55.4), flag leaf length (FLL, CV= 51.6), spike length (SL, CV= 54.3), awn length (AL, CV= 54.4), whole spike length (WSL, CV= 52.9), spike density (SD, CV= 52.7), seed rows of spike (SRS, CV= 50.1)] were intermediate in their level of variation with respect to the CV. The first, second and third principal components explained about 30.3%, 17.0% and 13.4% of the total variation of the traits, respectively. The traits which contributed more positively to PC1 were SL, SD, WSL and AL. The traits which contributed more positively to PC2 were SRS and SNS, and those contributed more positively to PC3 were FLL and FLW. The Korean landrace barley accessions contain significantly diverse variation to explore for the improvement of agronomic and morphological traits of current elite cultivars. This work was supported by a grant from Regional Subgenebank Support Program of Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

More than 2,500 accessions of squash germplasm are preserved in the National Agrobidiversity Center of RDA, Korea. We investigated the ecological and morphological characteristics on 100 accessions of the squash germplasms with a low viability. Two typical types of oriental squash (Cucurbita moschata) and western squash (Cucurbita maxima) are possessed 89 and 11 accessions, respectively. The origin of 100 accessions was divided into three groups, group I (Korea landraces with 81 accessions), group II (Nepal with 15 accessions) and group III (Russia, Uzbekistan, Laos, and Mexico with each one accession). Seventy eight accessions germinated at 27~circC in growth chamber. Days to first flowering of the female and male flower ranged from 32 days to 67 days and 24 days to 55 days after planting, respectively. Vine length showed the largest variation ranging from 357.8 cm to 1,465 cm, also the average length of ten stem node range has a variable ranges from 92 cm to 217.5 cm. All regenerated squash accessions have an only collided tendril and have three to seven lateral shoots. The flattened globe-shaped squash is the most predominant and exhibited ordinarily round shaped, ball shaped, long oblong-shaped, elongated shape, and pear shape. The average weight of fruit ranged from 1.33 kg to 7.95 kg. Sugar contents showed 5.4~12.6 Brix~circ without ripening period.

Sweetpotato is one of the important starch crops, current more considered as an industrial crop rather than food because it has higher starch content (over 80% of biomass), it is used for bio resources for industrial area. In this study, we generated S598A (a mutant gene of oat phytochrome A) sweetpotato plant using Agrobacterium-transformation method. Morphological characteristics of S598A plant were compared with the wild type sweetpotato, S598A had darker green leaves, increased chlorophyll content higher than to two-fold, delayed leaf senescence, shorter plant height (60% shorter than that of the wild type), more number of leaves and petioles about 1.8-fold, shorter petiole length (30% shorter), 1.2-fold more branches and 1.6-fold thicker stem diameters. From this study, S598A plants with such phenotypic characteristics might be able to use the solar energy efficiently, to have increased tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses and finally to increase productivity (not only starch yield but also root biomass yield). S598A sweetpotato lines are under field trials.

Two rice varieties, 'Oochikara' with large grain and 'Hwayeongbyeo' and their progenies (F1 , F2 , B1 and B2 ) were tested to understand gene action of morphological traits of rice grain and their relationships. The evaluated traits were 1,000-grain weight, grain length, width, thickness, length-width ratio and chalkiness of brown rice. Correlation between grain weight and chalkiness was highly significant in the all progenies, and grain length were not associated with width and thickness in an F2 population. Scaling test and jonit scaling test revealed that inheritance of grain traits were fitted to additive-dominance model without epistasis. Additive effects for the traits were much greater than the dominance effects.

Fifty-nine Korean soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) landrace accessions were tested for genotype fingerprinting, differentiation and association between morphological traits and SSR profile. Using 8 SSR loci, 59 varieties were divided into 55 groups, and only 4 pairs of varieties were not uniquely identified. The resolving power of SSR for soybean genotyping was much higher than that of the morphological traits that were studied. Identification efficiency also differed among SSR loci. Those loci with higher numbers of alleles distinguished varieties more effectively. Genetic differentiation values of the soybean landraces varied from 0.57 to 0.82 with a mean of 0.68. The number of alleles detected by the 8 loci ranged from 3 to 8. and the effective number of alleles ranged from 2.3 to 5.1. In a study of the association of SSR alleles with morphological traits, some alleles seemed to be related with some specific morphological traits. Comparison of two kinds of dendrograms which were derived from SSR markers and quantitative traits indicated that the dendrograms were not consistent. Considering the correlation between single SSR locus and qualitative traits governed by major genes, the data suggest that alleles of microsatellite loci be more closely related to some traits determined by major genes than those determined by minor genes.

듀럼밀(Triticum durum var. hordeiforme 2n=28 AABB)에서 trisomics(2n=28＋1)을 육성하여 외부형태적 형질에 발현되는 양적효과를 조사하였다. Trisomics은 각각의 잉여염색체에 존재하는 유전자의 상호작용에 의해서 외부형태적 형질에 정상식물과 명백히 상이한 양적효과를 나타내었다. 그러나 A및 B의 양 genome에 속하는 동조염색체간에는 서로 유사한 특성을 나타내어 상호 구별짓기가 매우 어려웠다. 이와 같은 현상으로 부터 몇몇의 외부형질에 관여하는 주동유전자의 염색체위치는 동조염색체상에 존재하고 있음이 시사되었으며, 이들은 같은 역할을 하는 동조유전자인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 따라서 듀럼밀의 동조성 및 연관군이 동시에 해명된 것으로 보여지며, 본 trisomics은 밀속의 A및 B genome의 각각의 염색체에 관한 유전분석 및 유전자지도 작성을 위한 연구재료로서 유익할 것이다. 또한 빵밀(Triticum aesitivum AABBDD)의 선조종인 듀럼밀(T. durum AABB)과 타루호밀(T. squarrosa DD)의 진화과정 및 비교유전분석상 매우 중요한 소재로서 이용될 것이다.