The analytical method for the determination of phosphorus in foods was validated by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) in terms of precision, accuracy, recovery efficiency and linearity. Regression analysis revealed good correlation coefficient, higher than 0.999. Recovery efficiencies of the minerals ranged from 90.36% to 110.63%, and the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.0745 mg/ kg and 0.2482 mg/kg, respectively. The value of inter-day and intra-day ranged from 1.43 to 3.23% and from 0.40 to 1.77%. The recovery efficiencies ranged from 97.8 to 110.6%. The method was also compared with Molybdenum blue colorimetric method using certified and statistically significant difference was also not observed in the between two different analytical methods. The ICP-OES method was applied to phosphorus determination in commonly consumed foods. The obtained results suggest that the method verified in the present study may be used as an official analytical method for clear understanding of phosphorus database for national health promotion.

Excess phosphorus in water has become a crucial aspect concerning the eutrophication. Experiments were carried out to fabricate particles of iron oxide to polymer and the beads were then calcinated. It was found that adsorption process most satisfactory fitted to Langmuir equation (R2>0.92) with maximum adsorption capacity 2.663 mg P/g adsorbent. Equilibrium of adsorption was reached after 3 h, while the initial adsorption rate increased from 0.46 mg/g-h to 3.83 mg/g-h when the bead iron content increased from 40.4 mg Fe/g to 160 mg Fe/g. This research was supported by a project (No. 2013001390002) from the Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute funded by the Ministry of Environment and the Brain Korea 21 Plus program of the Korean government.

본 연구는 통상 muntz metal로 불리는 구리와 아연의 합금 금속의 산화 환원 반응을 이용한 폐수 중 탈인 처리에 관한 연구이다. 연구를 위하여 200 ㎛ 두께의 극세사 형태로 제조된 구리 아연 금 속합금이 수용액 중에서 산화 환원 반응 작용으로 인하여 발생하는 OH radical을 이용하여 금속과 phosphate의 공침 반응에 의해 탈인 처리되는 원리를 이용한 인 처리법에 관한 연구이다. 인 제거 효율은 장시간의 순환 처리보다는 1회 처리에서 가장 제거 효율이 높았으며, 1시간 이후의 순환처리에서는 더 이 상의 제거효율을 보이지 않았다. 이는 금속합금 물질은 표면적이 넓어서 1회 처리만으로도 수용액의 pH 를 평형에 도달하게 하여 반응 효율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 제조한 합성폐수의 pH 조건은 pH 5 에서 pH 9 사이이며, pH 8일 때 제거 효율이 가장 높았으며 pH 8 이상에서는 효율 증가를 보이지 않았다. 이때 인산염은 H2PO4 -, HPO4 2-의 형태로 가장 많이 존재하는 것으로 조사되었으며, 온도에 따른 인 제 거는 온도만의 영향이 아닌 타 영향인자와의 관계를 고려해야 하며 본 연구에서는 온도가 낮을수록 높은 인 제거 효율을 보였다.

The amount of waste water generated from the domestic sources is consistently increasing in proportion to economic growth, and the conventional activated sludge process is widely being used for general waste water treatment. But the ministry of environment becomes stringthent treatment standards of N and P (less than 20mg/L of N, 2mg/L of P) to prevent the eutrophication of lake water, and therefore highly advanced treatment technology is required not only in the existing treatment plants where the activated sludge process is being used, but also in newly constructed treatment plants for the treatment of N and P. This study is aimed at highly operating the engineering technology method was developed by domestic to eliminate N and P at the same time. Experiments were conducted in the treatment plant located in Yong In city. The bioreactor was started from the principal equipment for the elimination of N and P and the elimination of organic compounds. It consists of an internal recycle piping from the end of the aerobic tank to the anoxic tank and external recycle piping from the final settling basin to the denitrification tank. By experiment of 4 types separate inflow of waste water to the denitrification tank and the anaerobic tank, and changes in staying time at the anoxic tank and the aerobic tank, the elimination of organic compounds in each type and the relationship in the efficiency between the elimination of N and P were researched.

A series of high capacity soft carbons with different phosphorus contents were successfully prepared by carbonizing petroleum cokes treated with hypophosphorous acid at 900˚C. The effect of phosphorus content on the electrochemical performance of the soft carbons was extensively investigated. The P-doped soft carbons exhibited greatly enhanced discharge capacities and outstanding rate capabilities with increasing phosphorus content. In addition, the influence of temperature on the electrochemical behaviors of the soft carbons was investigated in a wide temperature range of 25˚C to 50˚C. Surprisingly, the electrochemical properties of the pristine and P-doped soft carbons were highly sensitive to the operating temperature, unlike conventional graphite. The pristine and P-doped soft carbons exhibited significantly high discharge capacities of 470 and 522 mAh/g, respectively, at a high temperature of 50˚C.

VFAs like acetate are the major soluble metabolites of food waste leachates after digested. Therefore this study investigates the effect of acetate on growth rate and nutrient removal efficiency of Chlorella vulgaris to treat digested food waste leachates. The initial acetate concentration varied from 0 to 20 mM. As a result, Chlorella vulgaris growth rate was increased as high as the concentrations ranged from 0 to 20 mM. The same trend was observed with NH4-N and PO4-P consumption. The highest growth rate and the highest NH4-N, PO4-P removal rate were observed at acetate concentration of 20 mM. The microalgae growth rate and NH4-N, PO4-P removal rates were 1.5, 1.8, 2.3 times higher than the condition without acetate.

An effect of thermal annealing on activating phosphorus (P) atoms in ZnO nanorods (NR) grown using a hydrothermal process was investigated. NH4H2PO4 used as a dopant source reacted with Zn2+ ions and Zn3(PO4)2 sediment was produced in the solution. The fact that most of the input P elements are concentrated in the Zn3(PO4)2 sediment was confirmed using an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). After the hydrothermal process, ZnO NRs were synthesized and their PL peaks were exhibited at 405 and 500 nm because P atoms diffused to the ZnO crystal from the Zn3(PO4)2 particles. The solubility of the Zn3(PO4)2 initially formed sediment varied with the concentration of NH4OH. Before annealing, both the structural and the optical properties of the P-doped ZnO NR were changed by the variation of P doping concentration, which affected the ZnO lattice parameters. At low doping concentration of phosphorus in ZnO crystal, it was determined that a phosphorus atom substituted for a Zn site and interacted with two VZn, resulting in a PZn-2VZn complex, which is responsible for p-type conduction. After annealing, a shift of the PL peak was found to have occurred due to the unstable P doping state at high concentration of P, whereas at low concentration there was little shift of PL peak due to the stable P doping state.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate for performance of biochipfiltration phosphorus treatment process developed by ANT21 and to enhance phosphorus water quality standards to meet the optimum operation conditions of phosphorus treatment process are presented. Alum, FeCl3 as the coagulant used, each with a Jar-Test influent water quality and remaval efficiency of phosphorus treatment process when compared to water quality and removal efficiency of T-P are not a big difference, Alum in the removal efficiency and water quality was the most stable and high coagulant in the case of the removal of CODmn, SS, TN. Alum and Polymer processing efficiency when using the water quality was good and treatment water quality is CODmn 19 mg/L, SS 5 mg/L, TN 26 mg/L, T-P 0.135 mg/L less than water quality standards. If Alum is applied to the field, Alum injection amount per m3 influent unit is 24 g. During the field testing operation period, the influent has average COD mn 27 mg/L, SS 10 mg/L, T-N 22 mg/L, T-P 0.910 mg/L, and the final effluent has average CODmn 22 mg/L, SS 4 mg/L, T-N 20 mg/L, T-P 0.166 mg/L respectively. Average removal efficiency of each water quality item was CODmn 21%, SS 65%, T-N 8%, TP 82% and phosphorus treatment process is effective for the removal of SS and T-P but there is a limit to the removal of CODmn and T-N.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of simultaneous removal of ammonium, nitrate and phosphorus in water using the zeocarbon. In this study, the surface of zeocarbon was modified by acid because of difficulty in application of water treatment. After surface modification, the strength was enhanced about 62% higher than that of original one. The removal efficiency of ammonium and nitrate using the modified zeocarbon was about 47% and 32%, respectively and were higher than that of zeocarbon. In batch type experiment on the simultaneous removal of ammonium, nitrate and phosphorus, the presence of phosphorus did not have influence on nitrogen removal efficiency. Concomitantly, removal efficiency of phosphorus was obtained was about 35%. This indicates that the surface modified zeocarbon can be applied for simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. Consequently, our results could be used as basic data to design of one-stage nitrogen/phosphorus simultaneous removal system.

This study develops a highly transparent ohmic contact using phosphorus doped ZnO with current spreading for p-GaN to increase the optical output power of nitride-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The phosphorus doped ZnO transparentohmic contact layer was prepared by radio frequency magnetron sputtering with post-deposition annealing. The transmittance ofthe phosphorus doped ZnO exceeds 90% in the region of 440nm to 500nm. The specific contact resistance of the phosphorusdoped ZnO on p-GaN was determined to be 7.82×10-3Ω·cm2 after annealing at 700oC. GaN LED chips with dimensions of300×300µm fabricated with the phosphorus doped ZnO transparent ohmic contact were developed and produced a 2.7Vincrease in forward voltage under a nominal forward current of 20mA compared to GaN LED with Ni/Au Ohmic contact.However, the output power increased by 25% at the injection current of 20mA compared to GaN LED with the Ni/Au contactscheme.

The research was conducted at a degraded steppe in Saibei Adiministrative Region of ZhangJiakou in Hebei province. Four patches dominated by fringed sagebrush (Artemisia frigida), narrowleaf stellera (Stellera chamaejasme), shining speargrass (Achnatherum splendens), white swordflag (Iris lactea), respectively, were sampled. Phosphorus (P) was applied at four levels (0, 5, 10 and 15㎎ ㎏?¹ soil) in each patch. The mycorrhizal infection rate in Stellera chamaejasme species and Achnatherum splendens species was low, differed from other two patches of Artemisia frigid and Iris lactea.

The spatial and temporal distributions of phosphorus and nitrogen and a number of physical, chemical and biological parameters were analyzed to in the Youngsan and the Sumjin River systems, Korea. Substantial amount of P and N was observed in both the rivers all the year round. Mean N/P ratios showed large variations among the sampling sites; highest ratio was observed in most sampling sites during summer. Relative proportions of DOP: TP were fairly constant (0.08~0.09) in both the rivers. In the composition of nitrogen almost all sampling sites of both the rivers were dominated with NO3-N followed by NH3-N and NO2-N. Variations in dissolved nutrients tended to co-vary with particulate forms (PON and POP), implying that dissolved nutrients are primarily released from the decomposition of particulate forms or dissolved forms are in equilibrium with particulate forms. Chlorophyll a levels in the Sumjin River appear to be negatively correlated with the ammonia, implying ammonia is absorbed by algae with preference. While chlorophyll a was positively correlated with TP and DIP in the Sumjin River, negative correlations of these parameters was observed in the Youngsan River. The pattern of nutrients level was found to be related with land use and domestic sewage in the study area. Inter-parameter relationships may be strongly influenced by geographical factors relative to temporal factors.

우리나라에서 대부분의 호수는 인이 제한영양염인 것으로 나타나고 있다. 그러므로 인의 제거는 하수처리에서 중요한 공정이라고 할 수 있다. 그러나 많은 하수처리장은 재래식처리공정으로 처리하고 있으며 인의 제거율이 10~30%로 낮게 나타나 인의 제거공정은 필요하게 되었으며 패각은 수중의 인을 제거할 수 있는 것으로 알려지고 있어서 인의 활용이 주목된다. 회분식으로 패각을 이용하여 인의 제거율을 조사한 결과 패각의 크기가 작을수록, pH가 높을수록 제거율이 높게 나타났다. 또한 칼슘의 주입농도를 달리하여 처리한 결과 칼슘의 농도가 높을수록 처리효율이 증가하였으며 칼슘의 농도를 20mg/L로 조절하여 실험한 결과 2시간 내에 90% 이상의 제거율을 나타내었다. 재순환을을 변화시켜 실험한 결과 재순환율이 증가할수록 제거율은 증가하였으며 PH 11에서 재순환율을 300%로 조절한 결과 인의 제거율은 80%가 되었다. 중탄신이온의 영향을 평가하기 위하여 중탄산이온의 농도를 달리하여 실험한 결과 중탄산이온의 증가에 따라 인의 제거율은 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며 감소하는 비율은 지수함수로 나타났다.

시비농도를 인위적으로 조절하여 잎들깨를 관비재배하면서 인산의 시비수준이 생장과 결핍증상 발현에 미치는 영향을 구명하고, 생육을 우수하게 유지할 수 있는 식물체 및 토양의 한계농도를 밝히기 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 인산이 결핍될 경우 전체 지상부 생육이 심하게 억제되었으며, 노엽에서 초기증상이 발현되고, 엽병과 엽신이 자주색을 띄는 특징을 보였다. 증상이 나타난 부위는 점차 갈변하고 괴사하였다. 본 연구의 인산 시비수준 내에서는 농도가 높아질수록 식물 생육이 증가하여 0, 0.5 및 4.0mM 시비구에서 생체중이 각각 0.48g, 9.289 및 25.5g였고, 건물중이 0.06g, 1.46g 및 4.13g으로 조사되었다. 생육이 가장 우수하였던 4.0mM 처리에서 지상부 인산함량과 엽병추출액의 인산 농도가 1.78% 및 2,040mg·kg-1였고, 이 보다 10%낮은 식물 생육을 최저 한계점으로 판단한다면 각각 0.3% 및 900mg·kg-1 이상의 인산 농도를 유지하도록 시비해야 한다고 판단하였다. 정식 65일 후 인산 4.0mM 처리의 토양 인산 농도가 1.26mg·L-1였으며, 이 또한 수량감소를 방지하기 위해 0.57mg·L-1 이상의 토양 농도를 유지하도록 시비해야 할 것으로 판단하였다.

The aim of this study is to enhance the flame retardancy by the synergism effect of phosphorus and bromine groups. The flame-retardant polyurethane coatings containing phosphorus and bromine compounds were synthesized. After synthesizing the intermediate products of tetramethylene bis(orthophosphate) (TBOP) and trimethylolpropane/2,3-dibromopropionic acid (2,3-DBP) [2,3-DBP-adduct], the condensation polymerization was performed with four different monomers of two intermediate products, 1,4-butanediol, and adipic acid to obtain four-components copolymer. In the condensation polymerization, the content of phosphorus was fixed to be 2wt%, and the content of 2,3-DBP that provides bromine component was varied to be 10, 20, and 30wt%, and we designated the prepared modified polyesters containing phosphorus and bromine as DTBA-10C, -20C, -30C. Average molecular weight and polydispersity index of the preparation of DTBAs were decreased with increasing 2,3-DBP content because of increase of hydroxyl group that retards reaction. We found that the thermal stability of the prepared DTBAs increased with bromine content at high temperature.

Soil texture, pH, organic carbon, organic matter, organic nitrogen, total phosphorus and chemical speciation were studied on the soil samples from Dok-do, Korea. Dok-do soil was composed mostly of silt, and textures were silt and silt loam. Soil pH was normally neutral but in some areas, acidic and very high content of organic matter. High content of organic matter explained the origin of Dok-do soil was related to the vegetation of the island. C/N ratio of the soil organic matter 15 meant the organic matter in the soil had moderately degraded plant debris. The most important chemical speciation of soil phosphorus in Dok-do was Residual P, meant the source of soil phosphorus was plant, and high ratio of Apatite P was considered to relate to the feces of water bird of the area.