Nitrite and nitrates are usually used in the production of meat products as food additives even though they pose a secondary risk. In this study, the residues of nitrite and nitrate ions in 366 processed meat products distributed in Seoul were analyzed using ion chromatographs and UV spectrophotometers. In all tested products, the residues of nitrite were below 70 mg/kg, which met the processing standard and component specification for livestock products. Evaluation of nitrite ions, revealed a mean concentration of 7.1 - 11.9 mg/kg in hams, sausages, and bacons, while higher ratios of nitrite were found in other types of products. Among the studied processed meat products, at least 60% of hams and sausages had indications of nitrite, as did 90% of bacons and dry meats. No spiced meat and less than 10% of crushed meat had indications of nitrite. However, all dried meats showed below 1 mg/kg, regardless of whether they had indications of nitrite. Up to 9.7 mg/kg of nitrite was detected in the products with no indication of nitrite, and 14.6% of all products had at least 1 mg/kg of nitrite. This can be attributed to the reduction of residual nitrate ions in the products into nitrite ions. A review of the concentrations of nitrate ions in processed meat products by type suggests that the mean concentration was 22.3 (maximum 110.2) mg/kg in hams, 31.8 (maximum 89.5) mg/kg in sausages, 16.4 (maximum 28.2) mg/kg in bacons, 16.8 (maximum 61.1) mg/kg in spiced meats, 20.2 (maximum 99.4) mg/kg in crushed meats, and 121.0 (maximum 216.5) mg/kg in dried meats. Therefore, dried meats showed much higher nitrate ion concentrations than other types of meat products; however, the residue of nitrite ions in actual dried meats was found to be lower than 1 mg/kg, suggesting that the concentrations of nitrate ions do not affect those of nitrite ions. However, a certain concentration of nitrate ions was observed even when nitrate ions were not used in the products, as nitrite ions were transformed into nitrate ions and nitrite ions were detected even the products with no indication of nitrite ions. Therefore, continuous monitoring and preparation of relevant standards of the use of nitrate in processed meat products are necessary.

This study was conducted to assess the recognition and consumption of meal alone and processed food according to major of college students in Seoul Metropolitan area and Chungcheong province, Republic of Korea. To accomplish this, a survey was conducted to investigate 353 college students (171 food & nutrition majors and 182 non-majors) regarding their general characteristics, dietary behaviors, meal alone issues, and the purchase and consumption of processed food. Most major and non-major students skipped breakfast. The main reason for skipping was not having time. Majors and non-majors put great importance on their lunch and evening meal, respectively. Nutrition information routes for majors were ‘college class’ (62.5%) and ‘TV radio’ (17.5%). However, the routes for non-majors to obtain nutrition information were ‘internet smart phones’ (41.1%) and ‘TV radio’ (28.3%). These results suggest the need to provide correct information concerning nutrition to college students. Most major and non-major students tend to have 0 to 2 times of meal alone per week. The main reason for meal alone was schedule unsuitable for eating with family or friends. The most critical factors for majors and non-majors when they chose menu to have meal alone were personal taste and money, respectively. The primary consideration for choosing processed food was price and the main purchase route was convenience store. The main reason for consuming processed food was easy-to-cook. Of processed foods, the most favored ones were noodles and fish products. Meal alone frequency was positively correlated with age (p<0.05), grade (p<0.05) and monthly allowance (p<0.05). Preference and consumption frequency of processed food were negatively correlated with concern about nutrition (p<0.05) and meal frequency (p<0.05), respectively. Based on these results, greater efforts should be made to provide meaningful information regarding programs for nutrition education to improve their dietary habits. Research and development of processed food specifically for college students eating alone should be increased.

The purpose of this study was to analyze University student’s dietary behavior for processed foods and recognition on food nutrition labelling according to the degree of health concern. For this study, 302 University students in Gyeonggi region was surveyed by questionnaire from May in 2016 and it included the questions about general matters, dietary behavior on processed foods, and the food nutrition label system. It was analysed by SPSS win 23.0 program. And the results are as follows. According to the result of the factor analysis, the preference of processed foods were showed 3.21~3.97. There were significant differences in milk and milk products preference according to health concern (p<0.05). Also frequency of processed foods was shown significant differences in milk and milk products, noodles, beverage, and fast food (p<0.05), whereas no significant differences were found in meat products, snack, bread and frozen food (p>0.05). Also, the processed food purchase consideration according to health concern was shown significant differences in nutrition, origin, manufacturing company (p<0.05), whereas no significant differences were found in taste, price, exterior, brand, and shelf life (p>0.05). Thus, it is necessary to do continuing public relations and to provide more opportunities for nutrition education so that the University students may obtain right dietary behavior on processed foods and the system of food nutrition indication be established properly.

1. 우리나라 쌀 소비량은 지속적으로 감소하고 있으나 쌀 가 공식품의 매출은 꾸준히 증가하는 추세에 있다. 2. 이에 본 연구는 농촌진흥청 농식품 소비자 패널조사 자 료(703가구)를 이용하여 최근 5년간 쌀 가공식품 구매패턴의 변화를 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 쌀 가공식품을 밥류, 죽류, 면류, 떡류, 방류, 과자류, 주류, 음료류, 조미류, 가루류 10종류로 분류하고, 쌀 가공식품의 종류별, 월별, 구매장소별 구매가구 수, 구매금액, 구매빈도 등 전반적인 구매패턴의 변 화를 살펴보았다. 3. 향후 소비 증가가 예상되는 쌀 가공식품의 종류와 향후 요구되는 관련 연구과제를 제안하였다.

This study examined the utilization of processed food and the recognition of food labels among 257 university students (201 females and 56 males) in Seoul and Kangwon-do. The results of the study showed that the most important considered information on food labels are shelf life, nutrition facts, and price in sequential order. Female students’recognition of nutrition facts was significantly higher than that of male students (p<0.05). Female students more attentively checked the manufacturer, origin of the products, and shelf life information on food labels than did the male students. In checking out the food labels information, the most checked items on food labels were calories, trans fatty acid and cholesterol in that order and the least checked information was the sodium contents. Among processed foods, male students’consumption was dominant in instant noodles, frozen dumplings, and canned goods, while female students had more candies/chocolates. In selecting processed foods, male students showed strong preference for cheaper and quantitative products, while female students chose more tasty, brand new, well-known brand, and products of domestic origin. Frequency of canned and frozen food consumption showed a positive correlation with BMI, while candies/chocolates showed a negative correlations with BMI. Negative correlations were found in the attitude of selecting food with longer shelf life and BMI. The results of this study suggest that university students need to be well informed to make wise food choices that contribute to a healthy diet. Additionally, food manufacturers and government authorities concerned should make certain that consumers know how to use food label information more easily and effectively through proper education.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the changes in perception concerning nutrition labeling and students' availability of processed foods and is to investigate parents' awareness of nutrition labeling through the 'Education program on safety management of children's dietary life' conducting directly to the fifth grade elementary school students (4,105 persons) by the nutrition teacher in each school. The part that checked when purchasing processed food before and after the students' education, the name of manufacturer (p<0.05), raw material and content (p<0.001), food additives (p<0.001), nutritive components (p<0.05) etc. were significantly improved. An idea about nutrition labeling has increased after the education, the question items in 'it is reliable' (p<0.001), 'satisfied' (p<0.01) were significantly increased particularly. In spite of one time education, it showed positive changes such as it can be possible to get desired nutrition information. Thus, although it was one time training conducted in the situation that can not be carried out formal education due to school environment, a variety of practical education of children's dietary life is required targeting comprehensive senior students, the education is considered to be conducted for children as well as parents.

본 연구는 쌀 가공식품 원료에 대한 소비자 선호에 영향을 미치는 요인 분석을 위해 순환이변량프로 빗 모형을 이용하였다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 인터넷을 이용하여 소비자조사를 수행하였다. 분석결과는 만약 소비자가 쌀 가공식품 구입 시 상대적으로 맛을 더 고려하거나 가격을 가장 중요시할 경우, 쌀의 원산지는 구입의향에 유의한 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 남성이나 기혼자는 여성과 미혼자에 비해 수입쌀로 제조된 쌀 가공식품 소비에 거부감이 낮았다. 반면에 연령이 30~49 그룹의 소비자는 쌀 원산지에 큰 관심을 보였다. 향후 쌀 가공식품 산업을 어둡게 전망하는 소비자의 경우 쌀 가공식품에 사용되는 쌀 원산지가 매우 중요하다고 인식하고 있다.

Facing a number of global food-related accidents, the concept and system for food traceability have been designed and introduced in many countries to manage the food-safety risks. To connect and harmonize the various food traceability-information in food traceability system according to the food supply chain, the coding system of identification-number for food-traceability has to be standardized. The GTIN (Global Trade Item Number) barcode system which has been globally standardized and implemented, is reviewed with the mandatory food-labeling regulation in expiration date of processed foods. The integration of GTIN-13 bar-code system for food-traceability is a crucial factor to expand its function in the food-related industrial areas. In this literature, the standard coding system of identification-number for food-traceability is proposed with 20 digit coding number which is combined with GTIN- 13 bar-code (13 digit), expiration date (6 digit), and additional classification code (1 digit). This proposed standard coding system for identification-number has a several advantages in application for prohibiting the sale of hazard goods, food-recall, and inquiring food traceability-information. And also, this proposed coding system could enhance the food traceability system by communicating and harmonizing the information with the national network such as UNI-PASS and electronic Tax-invoice system. For the global application, the identification-number for food-traceability needs to be cooperated with the upcoming global standards such as GTIN-128 bar-code and GS1 DataBar.

The principal objective of this study was to assess the bone density and processed food intake behavior of middle-aged and elderly women in the Seoul area. The subjects were assigned to one of the following groups on the basis of BMI: namely, the underweight, normal, and overweight groups. The results are summarized as follows: The average BMI and systolic blood pressure of the three groups were 19.0, 127.3 mmHg; 22.4, 132.8 mmHg; and 26.8, 136.1 mmHg respectively. The BQI and T-scores of the three groups were as follows: 56.6, -2.50; 62.3, -2.22; 66.0, -2.03 respectively. The bone status of the three groups, in terms of the percentage of normal and osteoporosis, were 9.5%, 52.4%; 8.3% 33.0%; and 8.8%, 23.6% respectively. We noted no significant differences in processed food intake (frozen, cold and can processed food, instant and convenience store food, basic side dishes) behavior among the three groups. However, we recorded a negative value between processed food intake and bone density (BQI, T-score, %young adult, Z-score, %age-matched) generally. In particular, ramyeon (r=-0.1574, p<0.05) and cup-ramyeon (r=-0.1996, p<0.05) intake were significantly associated with the T-scores of bone density levels. The results of this study revealed that processed food intake was not generally desirable for healthy bone. Thus, practically and systematically organized education regarding a good and healthy dietary life is highly recommended.

균형대체모형은 시장에 대한 외생적인 충격의 효과를 분석하는데 매우 유용한 분석 모형이고 그러한 이유 때문에 정부정책에 대한 효과 분석에도 빈번하게 이용되어 왔다. 거의 대부분의 균형대체모형을 이용한 선행 연구가 완전경쟁적인 시장을 가정하였다는 사실은 많은 경험적인 연구가 가공식품 시장은 불완전 경쟁구조라는 사실을 보여주고 있다는 점에 비추어 볼 때 가공식품 시장에 적용하는 데는 그 모형상의 한계 또는 결과에 대한 해석상의 한계를 안고 있다고 해야 할 것이다. 이 논문은 가공식품 시장에 적용할 수 있는 과점시장 균형대체모형을 이론적으로 제시하고자 하였다. 과점시장에서는 완전경쟁시장과 달리 공급곡선이 존재하지 않지만, 적절한 가정이 수반된다면 과점시장의 균형을 분석할 수 있는 공급관계 곡선을 도출 할 수 있다. 이 논문이 기존의 과점시장 모형에 관한 연구에 기여한 점은 과점시장의 균형점에서 공급탄성치가 도출이 가능하다는 것을 보여준 것이며, 과점시장의 공급탄성치는 시장구조 파라미터와 수요탄성치로부터 독립해서 존재하지 않는다는 점을 입증한 것이다. 이 논문에서 균형대체모형을 통해 제시한 보조금정책 분석 방법은 조세정책에도 그대로 응용될 수 있으며, 가공식품 산업 이외에도 1차 산품을 가공하는 다른 산업에도 적용될 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 환경오염과 관련된 이슈에도 적용이 가능하다.

두부, 콩나물, 된장에서 유전자재조합 대두의 혼입여부를 판별하기 위해 가장 적합한 PCR 프라이머의 선택과 생산 고정에서 물리?화학적인 변성을 재조합 DNA의 손실정도를 공정단계별로 비교 분석하였다. 내재유전자인 β-actin은 600, 495, 250, 160bp을 비교한 결과 160bp에서 가장 광범위하게 검출되었으며, 35S promotor는 130bp, NOS terminator 132bp의 작은 사이즈 프라이머가 유효하였다. 가공공정별로 유전자의 손실정도를 팡가한 결과 두부는 대부분 DNA가 잘 보존되어 가공공정에 따른 DNA의 손실은 거의 관찰되지 않았다. 콩나물은 대부분의 DNA가 발아직후 줄기로 이동하여 적절한 분석부위는 줄기로 판단되었으며, 된장은 효소의 작용에 의하여 유통기간내에 DNA의 검출차이를 보였다. 20일 후 삽입유전자는 소실되었고 특히 50일 이후에는 대부분의 내재유전자 뿐만 아니라 분해되어 검출이 어려운 것으로 판단되어다. 가공처리조건인 열에 의한 DNA의 변성은 100℃에서 40분간 가열하여도 DNA의 손실되지 않고 보존됨을 알 수 있었다.

This study was carried out to give some help for housewives recognizing the desirable purchase of processed foods and food additives. This results were abtained as follows; In case of purchase action for processed foods of housewives confirmation of manufacturing date was the highest point(4.62). When housewives bought processed foods they considered the taste of them as first, and frequencies of processed foods intake showed the ratio of 46.6%, also it was shown to be used once a week. The order for use of processed foods were milk, milk products(butter, cheese, yoghurt, lactic bacterium beverage) 40.2% >canned foods 22.6% >meat products(ham, sausage, bacon) 20.9% > jelled fish 16.3%. Most of housewives wanted to have the knowledge and information for food additives at the highest point(4.11). The interest about food additives of housewives was shown to the order of synthetic preservative 3.86 >chemical seasoning 3.74 >synthetic sweetener 3.59 >synthetic coloring agent 3.53. Also, it was shown to be thought that the hazard factors effected on food safety were agricultural chemical residue(30.9%), environmental pollution(25.2, food additives(23.0%), and microorganism contamination(20.9%).

The purpose of this study is to establish the one serving size of Korean Processed Food. Defining the one serving size is very important for nutrition labeling and foodservice operation, because the one serving size is used to set up a proper portion by each foodservice operation. The basic data of 200 items were collected through three methods. Searching many cookbooks, exploring the commercial and noncommercial foodservices -6 industrial foodservices, 100 nationwide elementary school foodservice recipes analysis, and 3 hospital foodservice systems as the samples - moreover, experimental cooking and sensory evaluation by trained panels were conducted to assess quantity preference of selected food items. All data were rearranged through food type, that is, main dish, side dish, dessert and health food. One serving sizes of processed foods showed wide variety according to the different menus that include selected food items. Therefore, means and ranges of serving size by three research methods were presented item by item. The results obtained were: 1. The Korean Processed Foods were dried and sugar adding and soused foods, and many of them used the natual processing methods. 2. There were wide varieties in the classification of main dishes, but many of them were cereals, noodles, and sugar products. One serving size of noodles were around 50~100 g, cereals were 20~40 g, which means the one serving size can be differenciated by the food usage. 3. According to the Food classification of side dishes, many of them were as following; natural dried foods, processed fish products, salted or sugar added foods, seasoned foods and sugar products. Moreover the Types of cooking in side dishes were almost culinary vegetables, teas, health foods and condiments, and soused fish products. 4. About desserts, they were almost teas and sugars, and the Types of cooking were teas, health foods and seasonings. 5. We can conclude that almost Korean Processed foods used the drying and soused processing methods for long-time preservation, but it can make the higher content of any special elements, such as sodium or carbohydrates.

The purpose of this study is to examine the predictive effects of intuition, business analytic, networking capabilities on innovation performance. The data was collected using a cross-sectional quantitative survey. A total of 292 useable responses were collected from Thai Processed Food Exporters (TPFE). The findings also indicated that the hypothesized relationships between the independent and dependent variables fit the empirical data. Specifically, it is revealed that strategic intuition, business analytic capabilities, networkbased capabilities and dynamic capabilities had a direct effect on dynamic strategy. They also had statistically significant direct and indirect effects on dynamic performance. Based on the results of the correlation test, the researchers developed a dynamic capability model for the development of the dynamic performance of the operators, which included concepts, principles, methods, tools and guidelines. Furthermore, the impacts of intuition, business analytic, networking capabilities on dynamic strategy are also examined in this study. It makes a considerable contribution to the existing literature on dynamic strategy of TPFE, particularly in regards to explaining the performance.

Recently, the importance of food safety is increasing due to numerous junk food. Junk food means to violate the law in stage such as production, manufacture, distribution, and sale of food. Many crop plants are processing as foods including bread, noodle, and other foods for supporting nutrition to human. For example, rice is one of the most well-known food crops in the world, and processed rice is being mixed with other processed crops to health food. The object of this study is to detect amount of specific grains, i.e. rice from processed foods mixed with other cereals. This experiment was performed to the following two steps: 1) designed the specific primer sets based on chloroplast DNAs, 2) amplified products using real-time PCR. We designed eleven primer sets within chloroplast DNA of rice, and then the confirmation of primer efficiency was to amplified with rice genomic DNA using real-time PCR. In addition, these primer sets were applied in other crops such as wheat, maize, and adlay to confirm specificity to rice. The rice specific primer sets were determined by the number of amplification and the melting peak through real-time PCR. As a result, five primer sets were confirmed to uniqueness in the rice genome. In conclusion, the specific primer sets would be useful for identifying rice grain from the processed foods to eliminate junk foods and for contribution of food safety.

본 연구의 목적은 대구 경북지역 초등학교에 공급되는 전처리 채소와 가공식품의 유통단계를 분석하고, 유통과정에서의 미생물 변화와 학교급식에 이용되는 식재료의 미생물 품질을 평가하기 위하여 실시되었다. 유통 중 박피도라지에서 일반세균 CFU/g, 대장균군 CFU/g, E. coli < , S. aureus < CFU/g, B. cereus < CFU/g이 검출되었다. 전처리 양파에서는 일반세균 CFU/g, 대장균군 CFU/g이 검출되