유럽인권재판소는 개인정보보호와 관련한 판례에서 국가기관이 보유하 는 개인정보가 개인의 사생활 및 가족생활을 존중받을 권리 위반에 해당 하는지 여부를 결정함에 있어서 다음과 같은 기준을 제시한다. 즉, 문제 가 되는 정보가 어떠한 방식으로 수집되고 보유하게 되었는지, 해당 정보 가 녹음되었다면 그러한 녹음이 어떠한 방식으로 사용되고, 결과물이 입 수되었는지와 같은 녹음물의 성질 등 각 사안의 구체적인 정황을 충분히 고려해야 한다는 것이다. ⌜일반정보보호규정⌟(General Data Protecti on Regulation, GDPR)이 유럽연합(EU)에서 통과되어 2018년 5월 25 일자로 발효되었다. 이로써, EU에 있는 사람들과 관련된 정보를 다루거나 수집하는 경우에는 전 세계 어디 있는 기관이라도 정보보호의무를 부담하 며, 사생활보호 기준을 위반하는 경우에 상당한 금액의 과징금이 부과된 다. 이처럼, 세계의 개인정보보호법 발전을 유럽이 주도하고 판결을 통하 여 개인정보보호법 개정을 선도하고 있다. 이러한 시점에서, 유럽인권재판 소의 개인정보보호와 관련한 구체적인 판례에서의 동향을 살펴보는 것은 향후 우리나라 개인정보보호법의 발전 방향을 제시할 수 있다는 점에서 의미 있다고 생각된다. 유럽인권재판소에 개인정보보호와 관련한 여러 회 원국의 사례들이 있음에도 불구하고 우리나라에 많이 소개되지 않았다. 특히 우리나라에서는 개인정보보호법의 개정안이 논의되는 등 개인정보보 호와 관련한 법적 제도 마련에 활발한 논의가 진행 중이다. 그럼에도 불 구하고, 아직 우리나라 법원에 개인정보보호와 관련하여 특히 개인정보의 수집, 저장 및 사용, 공개, 접근 및 삭제와 같이 세부적인 상황에 관한 판 례가 많이 축적되지 않은 실정이다. 이러한 점을 고려한다면 유럽인권재 판소의 개인정보보호와 관련한 여러 회원국의 사례를 통하여 판례 동향을 연구하는 것은 향후 우리나라의 개인정보보호법의 개정 추진과 장차 나오 게 될 법원 판례에 시사점을 줄 수 있을 것이라고 기대한다.

A radioactive complex disaster refers to a situation in which large-scale natural and social disasters such as earthquakes, fires, and chemical incidents occur in addition to nuclear power plants accident simultaneously. For the safe evacuation of residents, protective equipment must be prepared appropriately and sufficiently. We presented effectiveness, sufficiency, and versatility as selection criteria for choosing the essential protective equipment. The results of the survey of residents and local public officials suggested that masks, radioactivity meters, protective buses, and air purifiers have high priorities. Finally, through consultation with central government officials, masks, measuring instruments, and adsorption filters in protective buses were presented as prototypes. These items can effectively protect the people even in the event of a radioactive complex disaster.

Molten salt reactor (MSR) has a unique characteristic using liquid fuel and/or coolant salt among six type of GEN IV reactors. Liquid fuels and on-site processing are fundamentally different from a solid fuel reactor where separate facilities produce the fresh solid fuel and process the Spent Nuclear Fuel. Because the choice of fuel cycle affects the safeguards and non-proliferation characteristics of the reactor system, different MSR concepts may have different proliferation resistance and physical protection characteristics. For example, MSR design variants that use solid fuel but are cooled with liquid salts such as FHR are very close to the Very High Temperature Reactor design concept. The composition of various fuel salts is a representative factor that makes it difficult to generalize the PRPP evaluation principle of MSR. In addition, the flow of molten salts containing fissile materials is also complex depending on the design of the reactor. The path through which radioactive materials travel not only inside the reactor but also to nuclear fuel cycle facilities can act as a difficult factor in measuring nuclear materials. As a further complication, some of the plants include fuel salt drain tanks intended to provide decay heat removal while others are designed to provide decay heat removal while the salt is maintained within the reactor vessel. Some lessons learned from the prior molten salt breeder reactor program are reflected in all of the new designs. Interior reflectors/shielding are frequently employed to reduce the radiation damage to the reactor vessel, and fuel salt chemistry control is employed to substantially limit oxidizing the container alloy constituents. However, even with the vessel interior shielding, the containment environment around both solid and liquid fueled MSRs during operation is likely to have substantially higher dose rates than at LWRs due to the fission process and fission products in the case of circulating liquid fueled reactors, and the shortlived activation products of fluorine (16N, 20F, and 19O) in the case of FHRs. Consequentially due to insufficient shielding from the coolant and the vessel wall, MSR containments will be remote access only for liquid fueled systems and remote access only during operation for FHRs.

In the event of an contingency situation of physical protection in nuclear facilities, the first organization to deal with at the forefront is the Special Response Forces (SRF). Since the SRF has to perform nuclear facility protection at the actual battle site, they must repeatedly train tactical understanding such as shooting, entry, and suppression so that their body can remember it even in real contingency situations (called Muscle Memory). In reality, however, repeated training using firearms is very difficult due to high risk and high cost, except for some military and police organizations. Using the advantages of VR technology, the Korea Institute of Nuclear nonproliferation and control (KINAC) has developed educational contents of “VR Shooting Training Center (VR STC)” to enable low-risk, low-cost, and repeated shooting training for these high-risk, high-cost training. This content was developed by dividing it into an “indoor” and “outdoor” training field. Educational firearms are all developed as gas guns to add to the sense of reality, and trainees can choose firearms, distance movement of targets and other options. The “Indoor training field” was developed by imitating an actual indoor shooting field, in particular the “outdoor training field” was developed using VR technology and motion tracking technology. Therefore, in “outdoor training field”, trainees can move freely within the designated spot of not only in VR content but also reality and then have to perform some missions. Trainees have to overcome random obstacles as they move to a designated destination, and at the destination, they are attacked by terrorists. Therefore, trainees must complete missions by concealing their bodies using objects around them. The one training course includes a total of 10 missions, and after the training is completed, comprehensive training results such as shooting accuracy and mission completion are expressed. VR STC will be a representative example of making high-risk, high-cost training into low-risk, low-cost, and repeated training. In this respect, VR technology can be used to develop various radiation protection curriculums accompanied by high risk and high cost, and can improve educational effects.

코로나19 는 전세계인의 일상을 안정적으로 유지하기 위하여 자신의 업무를 수행하고 있는 필수업무종사자에 대한 중요성을 다시 한번 각인시켜 주었다. 이와 관련하여 국제기구 및 주요 해외국가들은 선원을 필수업무종사자로 지정하고, 선원의 역할을 수행할 수 있도록 이들을 보호하는 각종 개선안을 권고하였다. 특히 국제해사기구는 선원의 원활한 승·하선 등을 지원해 줄 것을 관련 단체 및 회원 국 등을 중심으로 촉구하고 있지만, 일부 국가들은 극단적인 자국우선주의로 인해 선원의 승·하선, 상륙, 병원진료 등을 제한하는 사례가 발생하고 있다. 이 연구는 코로나19에도 불구하고 글로벌공급망의 안전을 담당하고 있는 선원의 역할과 보호의 필요성에 대한 논리적 근 거를 마련하기 위하여 국제기구 및 주요 해외 국가의 사례를 중심으로 비교하여 분석하였다. 이 연구는 해운산업에서 필수업무종사자로서 선원의 역할과 보호의 필요성을 확인하였고, 해운산업의 회복력을 강화하는 차원에서 선원의 처우 및 복지향상을 위한 시사점의 도출 및 법제도적인 개선방안을 제시하였다. 향후 이 연구는 선원의 역할과 보호의 필요성이 국가정책에 반영될 수 있도록 하는 기초자료서 역할 을 할 것으로 기대된다.

북한은 지속적으로 핵능력을 고도화하고 있다. 이에 본 연구를 통해 북핵 위협에 대비하기 위한 억제 및 방호를 중심으로 현실적인 대응방 안을 제시하고자 한다. 현실적 대응방안은 다음과 같다. 우선 명확한 북핵 위협을 실체를 인식해야 한다. 둘째 기존의 북핵 대응 정책의 전 면적인 재정비가 필요하다. 셋째 한미동맹을 바탕으로 확장억제의 실행 력이 제고되어야 한다. 넷째 가용한 모든 수단을 활용하여 포괄적 전방 위 억제대책이 강구되어야 한다. 마지막으로 억제 실패에 대비한 실질 적인 핵방호 및 피해 최소화 방안을 강구해야 한다. 이러한 대응방안을 강구함에 있어 결단과 국민의 공감대 형성이 필수적이다. 한국형 핵공 유와 핵동맹 등 특단의 대책도 필요하다. 그리고 세부적인 로드맵과 강 력한 실행계획을 바탕으로 북핵 위협에 철저히 대비해야 할 것이다.

원남과 티베트는 중국 남서 국경 지역에 위치하고, 여러 민족과 종교가 혼재되어 있어 중국정부가 통치하는데 많은 어려움을 겪고 있다. 또한 국 경선의 길이가 길어 국가의 중요한 방어구역이기도 하다. 하지만 이 지역 에 대한 학계의 관심과 연구는 상대적으로 빈약하다. 이러한 상황에서 본 논문은 이 지역들의 소속민족의 발전 및 건설 그리고 이들 지역의 고토수 비(守土固边)에 대해 연구한다. 문헌연구를 통해 국가안보차원에서 소수 민족 마을에 대한 건설과 고토수비현황에 대해 기초시설, 경제발전, 민생 발전, 생태문명 등 네 가지 분야로 깊이 고찰한 다음, 이를 통해 문제점을 발견하고 해결책과 발전방안을 제시하였다.

The distinction between software expression protected by copyright law and software functionality not protected by copyright law is often elusive. Accordingly, we analyze what the U.S. Supreme Court’s Decision in a program copyright lawsuit between Google and Oracle suggests about the direction of copyright protection for the latest software. Next, we will try to find an appropriate balance between the scope of protection of patent and copyright for software. To this end, we look at ways to increase the expertise of judges to clearly determine the boundaries of the protection scope of patents and copyrights for software. Nevertheless, as for software, overlapping protection of patent and copyrights may inevitably occur. For this, we look at ways to resolve the inconsistency between the protection period of patent and copyrights. Lastly, we will look at the special law for areas not protected by patent and copyright laws.

China’s Personal Information Protection Act was passed on August 20, 2021, and came into force on November 1, 2021. Prior to this, personal information has been protected by separate laws such as the Consumer Rights Protection Act and the Network Safety Act. With increasing attention to protection of personal information, comprehensive regulations related to personal information protection were introduced in the Civil Code which came into effect in 2021. Although the work of law making is ongoing, the debates about the legal nature of personal information right is still sharp. Though there have been many regulations stipulates the protection of personal information generally, the personal information right has been treated in a similar way to the right of privacy in practice. Only recently have the meaning of the personal information right and the right of privacy begun to be distinguished. In addition, the disputes related to ‘informed consent’ to collection and use of personal information have been also raised. Concerns about the infringement of personal information have significantly increased with more frequent use of personal information in the era of big data. To address the issued newly raised in the era of big data, the Personal Information Protection Act stipulates the protection of personal information in a comprehensive way, which not only protects personal information at the civil level, but also stipulates the duties of the public authorities to protect the personal information. To be specific, the Personal Information Protection Act more clearly stipulates personal information processing rules and clarifies the rights of the subject of the personal information, the duties of processor of the personal information, and the responsibilities of government ministries in charge of personal information protection. This study examines the legislation evolution and legal disputes related to personal information protection in China and analyzes the newly enacted Personal Information Protection Act of China.

This paper aims to reflect the necessity of protecting the rights of audiovisual performers including supporting roles in an era of new platforms such as OTT platforms. Starting with that, I will briefly explore the history of protecting rights for audiovisual performers from the Treaty of Rome in 1961 to the Treaty of Beijing in 2012. Unlike the United States copyright law, Korean copyright law stipulates the rights of audiovisual performers. However, the exceptional clause on video works acts as an inhibitor of protecting the rights of audiovisual performers and the compensation rules are biased towards hearing performers. Though Korea Broadcasting Performers’ Rights Association has attempted to realize the rights of performers through collective agreements with broadcasting stations, there needs to be another solution as a new generation of online platforms such as OTT platforms emerges. Therefore, the direction of protecting the rights of audiovisual performers on new platforms is suggested by the following chapter.

To investigate the perceptions and attitudes of dental hygienists toward radiation safety management in Korea. A total of 800 dental hygienists were randomly selected for an anonymous survey, and 203 of them participated. The questionnaire items included the following: sex, career period, type of installed radiographic equipment, recognition of the diagnostic reference level (DRL), participation in radiation safety education, and attitudes toward radiation protection for both patients and dental hygienists. The participants were divided into two groups according to their years of experience (< 10 years versus ≥ 10 years). The difference between the groups was investigated according to frequency distribution. Fisher’s exact test or Pearson’s chi-square (χ2) test was used as appropriate. A regression analysis was performed to investigate the impact of wearing a thyroid collar for personnel protection during patient radiation exposure. The types of installed radiographic equipment included panoramic radiography (96.1%), cephalometric radiography (76.9%), intraoral radiography (72.9%), and cone-beam computed tomography (69.5%). Significant differences were observed in the learning pathway for the DRL (Fisher’s exact test, p < 0.05), satisfaction with radiation safety education (Pearson’s χ2 test = 5.3975, Pr = 0.02), and use of personnel radiation monitoring systems (Pearson’s χ2 test = 18.1233, Pr = 0.000) between the groups. Significant differences were also observed in personnel protection using a thyroid collar and patient protection during panoramic radiography (odds ratio = 14.2). Dental hygienists with more than 10 years of experience were more satisfied with radiation safety education and more interested in radiation monitoring. Considering career experience, customized, continuous, and effective radiation safety management education should be provided.

COVID-19로 인해 큰 혼란이 야기되었는데, 중국은 데이터를 이용하여 방역을 하였고 중국내 감염병 발생이 어느 정도 억제되었다. 하지만 데이터화 대응 상황은 양날의 검처럼 중대한 공중위생사건이 발생하여 대응 상황을 완화하는 동시에, 개인정보의 안전에 대한 위험도 내포하고 있다. 최근 2년동안 COVID-19의 방역과정에서 생기는 개인정보 보호 문제에 대응하기 위하여, 중국은 <개인정보보호법>을 제정하여 공포하였다. 중국에서는 과거부터 개인정보 보호입법에 관한 논의가 수차례 있었으나 입법에 이르지 못하다가 최근 COVID-19의 방역과정에서 생기는 개인정보 보호의 문제에 대한 대응 필요성이 대두된 가운데 중국은 20 21년 8월 20일 개인정보보호법을 제정하여 공포되었으며 동법은 같은 해 11월 1일부터 시행되고 있다. 이 연구는 중국에서의 데이터화 대응 상황 중 발생하는 개인정보 보호의 문제점을 검토한다.

Purpose: This qualitative research was conducted to explore the experiences of social workers encountering peer conflicts among abused boys living in child counseling protection center (center) and psychosocially intervening to resolve peer conflicts. Methods: The participants were four social workers who were caring for twenty abused boys at the center. Data were collected through participatory observation, in-depth interview, and field data. The collected data were analyzed by emic coding. Results: First, the experiences of social workers encountering peer conflict phenomena among abused boys were ‘psychological distortion from abuse trauma’, ‘manifestation of impulse or aggression to trivial stimuli’, and ‘lack of mutual respect among peers’. Second, the experiences of social workers intervening in resolving peer conflicts among abused boys were ‘stabilize offended feeling’, ‘maintain stability through verbal and non-verbal interventions’, ‘apply positive techniques to improve peer relations’, and ‘help abused children overcome trauma and grow’. Conclusion: Social workers confirmed that the role of social welfare experts was important to secure understanding and insight into peer conflicts between abused children and to convert the pain of abused children into positive energy. The results of this study will help social welfare professionals develop a family-centered abuse trauma recovery program for abused children.

본 연구에서는 개방형 혁신활동의 수준을 너비와 깊이라는 두 차원으로 나누 어 이들이 혁신성과에 미치는 영향을 파악하고, 기술보호의 매개효과를 실증 분석하고자 한 다. 이를 위해 한국기업혁신조사(KIS, 2018)에 응답한 기업 중 혁신성과를 도출한 경험을 보 유한 제조업과 서비스업 기업 1,403개사를 대상으로 다중선형회귀분석, 위계적 회귀분석을 적용하였다. 분석 결과, 개방형 혁신활동의 너비는 급진적 혁신성과에 긍정적인(+) 영향을 미 쳤으며 개방형 혁신활동의 깊이는 점진적 혁신성과에 긍정적인(+) 영향을 미쳤다. 기술보호 의 매개효과를 검증한 결과, 혁신활동의 너비와 급진적 혁신활동 사이에는 부분매개를, 깊이 와 급진적 혁신활동 사이에는 완전매개를 하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 개방형 혁신을 추진하는 기업과 그 중에서도 기술의 획득을 통해 제품혁신을 추진하는 기업에게 중 요한 시사점을 제시하고 있다.