두점박이사슴벌레(Prosopocoilus astacoides blanchardi)는 딱정벌레목(Coleoptera) 사슴벌레과(Lucanidae)에 속하는 종으로 국내에서는 제주도에만 분포하며, 2012년 5월 31일에 멸종위기 야생생물 Ⅱ급 보호종으로 지정되었다. 본 연구는 2014년 5월부터 2018년 8월까지 두점박이사슴벌레가 번식 및 개체군이 유지되는 기주목 12그루를 대상으로 번식지의 특성을 연구하였다. 기주목은 상수리나무(Quercus acutissima) 11그루, 떡갈나무(Q.dentata) 1그루로 분포 해발고도는 150m~355m이며, 기주목의 수고와 흉고는 각 4.5m~10m, 17cm~34cm였다. 특히, 기주목에는 두점박이사슴벌레가 은신할 수 있는 보리밥나무(Elaeagnus macrophylla), 송악(Hedera rhombea), 담쟁이덩굴(Parthenocissus tricuspidata), 마삭줄(Trachelospermum asiaticum), 청미래덩굴(Smilax china), 밀나물(S. riparia), 칡(Pueraria lobata), 으아리(Clematis mandshurica), 사위질빵(C. apiifolia), 며느리밑씻개(Polygonum senticosum), 줄사철나무(Euonymus fortunei), 남오미자(Kadsura japonica) 등의 덩굴성 식물이 기주목의 줄기를 잠식해 있었고, 잠식률은 5%~80%까지 다양했다. 하지만 덩굴성 식물의 줄기잠식률이 낮으면, 기주목에 갈라진 틈이 있거나 군락을 이루고 있어 은신처가 있었고, 단독으로 기주목이 있는 곳은 줄기잠식률이 40%~80% 매우 높았다. 본 연구를 통해 두점박이사슴벌레는 번식 및 개체군 유지를 위해 포식자를 피하고 먹이를 구하기 위해 덩굴성 식물이 줄기를 잠식하고 있는 참나무속(Quercus)의 기주목에 주로 서식하는 것으로 판단된다.

The reproduction characteristics of hagfish Eptatretus burgeri were examined using individuals caught in the South Sea of Korea. The spawning season and size at minimum sexual maturity of this species were characterized based on a gonad-somatic index (GSI) and monthly variation egg size (long axis). From monthly variation of GSI, the spawning season was estimated to be from August to September. Developing eggs larger than 10 mm were found in March, and the largest egg size was found in July. The first spawning length was 34.2 cm TL. Batch fecundity ranged from 13 to 117 eggs for hagfish sized from 34.2 cm TL to 77.0 cm TL, respectively, and increased linearly with total length.

본 연구는 한인밀집지역인 뉴욕과 뉴저지 지역의 한인교회를 연구조사한 정보를 바탕으로 쓰여졌다. 이 교회들에 만연한 교인들의 수평이동과 찾아보기 힘든 회심성장의 상황이 한국교회와 유사하다. 교회론이 선교론보다 선행함으로 말미암아 being a church 보다는 doing a church에 집중함으로 교회의 구조, 시설, 프로그램에 집중하게 되었다. 선교론에서 출발하여 교회론이 실천되는 모델이 될 경우 하나님의 선교(Missio Dei)로서 전도와 제자도를 실천하게 되며, 그 결과로 교회가 세워지게 되는 것으로 이해한다. 제자를 재생산하는 교회는 스스로 선교적임을 인식한다. 폴 히버트의 세트이론을 통하여 경계이론의 획일성이 수평이동 중심의 교회를 설명하고, 중심이론의 다양성이 제자 재생산 중심의 교회를 설명한다. 이는 복잡한 교회구조 보다는 더 많은 양육자(disciplemaker) 중심의 교회로의 전환을 전제 한다. 이러한 교회는 제자 삼기와 재생산에 대한 확고한 의도를 가지며, 보냄 받은 교회로서 교회를 삶과 분리하지 않는다. 재생산을 위한 기본 단위로서 소그룹을 이해하며, 소그룹 중심의 전도와 제자삼기는 예수님의 제자도와 재생산의 원리를 실천하는 길임을 확인하게 된다.

Diets influence lifespan and reproduction in insects, but little is known how temperature modulates the impacts of diet on these two key fitness components. Here we examined the interactive effects of temperature and nutrient balance on lifespan and egg production rate in Drosophila melanogaster. Newly emerged adult D. melanogaster were allowed to feed ad libitum on one of eight chemically defined diets differing in P:C ratio (1:16, 1:8, 1:4, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, 4:1, or 8:1) under one of six ambient temperatures (13, 18, 23, 28, 31, or 33℃). For both males and females, lifespan was longest for D. melanogaster fed on P:C 1:16 diet at 13℃ and shortened as both temperature and P:C ratio increased. As indicated by a significant temperature-by-diet interaction for lifespan, the diet effects on lifespan were more pronounced at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures. Egg production rate was maximized on P:C 4:1 diet at 28℃.

Insulin/IGF signaling (IIS) regulates different physiological processes such as metabolism, trehalose level, growth, and reproduction. Four IIS components are identified from the bean pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). RNA interference (RNAi) of insulin receptor (InR), Forkhead Box O (FOXO), Target of Rapamycin (TOR) or Akt led to ovary dysfunction. Especially, the RNAi treatment significantly reduced the stem cell division in the germarium. However, an addition of a porcine insulin stimulated the cell division. Immature diets significantly influenced on the ovarian stem cell development.

Reproduction is essential for the survival of a species and is under the close coordination of the central nerve system (CNS). In Drosophila melanogaster, juvenile hormones (JHs) from the corpora allatum(CA) are essential for egg-production because they promote vitellogenesis and enhance ecdysteroid biosynthesis. JH biosynthesis is under the control of neuropeptides, such as Drosophila insulin-like peptide (dilp) and allatostatin C (AstC). However, how these neuropeptide pathways coordinate JH production remain elusive. Here, we report a small number of neurons in the brain and ventral nerve cord (VNC) neurons that produce a neuropeptide AstC regulate egg-production negatively. The brain neurons seem to act indirectly by inhibiting secretion of dilp that up-regulates JH production, whereas the VNC neurons seem to release AstC into the hemolymph to suppress the CA activity directly. On the CA, the AstC actions appear mediated by two G-protein coupled receptors, AstC-R1 and AstC-R2. We will discuss our recent efforts to identify agonists for either receptor, which will be potential leads for insect reproduction regulators.

This study was conducted to investigate the ovarian cycle changes of the mare according to the season. Twenty four Jeju crossbred horses(Thoroughbred x Jeju horse) raised in Subtropical Livestock Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA were used to identify follicles and corpus luteum with ultrasonography once a week(May 2016~June 2017). Blood samples of experimental horses were collected twice a week for analysis of P4 hormone levels. The mares were considered to have resumed ovarian cyclicity on the day of ovulation if they followed by regular ovarian cycles. Only 13 cases(61.9%) of the total 21cases showed normal ovarian cycle, and 8 cases (38.1%) showed delayed ovarian cycle. Three cases(16.7%) in October, 5 cases(27.8%) in November and 5 cases(27.8%) in December(27.8%) ceased the heat and the remaining 5 cases(27.8%) showed that the estrus was maintained in winter. Horses that stopped estrus ceased the heat until March of next year, and 27.8% were continued the heat during non-breeding season. Eleven cases(61.1%) of 18 cases in April and 2 cases(11.1%) of 18 cases in May returned the estrus.

This study was conducted to investigate the breeding status of farms to improve the production efficiency of Hanwoo calf. The study was conducted on 45 farms divided into two groups. This study was conducted to investigate the breeding size and breeding area of Hanwoo cows. The average age at first delivery of Hanwoo was 28.7 months. The number of artificial insemination per pregnancy was 1.45±0.32, and the number of artificial insemination days after birth was 119.8 days. Conception rates were 75.2±16.93% for small farms and 70.6±17.46% for medium sized farms and 71.4±11.03% for large farms. When we looked at farming methods, ‘the farmers using estrus observation aids’ had 10.42% higher calf production rate than the ‘unused farmers’. The farms vaccinated with IBR and BVDV for breeding cattle showed a 4.41% decrease in abortion, stillbirth and mortality. According to farming conditions, conception rate and delivery rate improved by 3.47% and 18.29%, respectively, when grazing and exercising were performed. Observation, immunization and grazing were found to be important indicators for improving calf production efficiency in Hanwoo farm. This study can be used as a research data to improve the reproductive rate of farmhouse sites through the survey on the breeding status of Hanwoo farmers.

Acute and chronic toxicities of methyl ethyl ketone and methanol were investigated on Paronychiurus kimi (Collembola), for evaluating the potential effects of accidental exposures of these chemical substances on the terrestrial environments. This study was undertaken to establish a toxicity database for these chemical substances, which was required for the preparation of the response compensation and liability act for agricultural production and environmental damage. The 7-d acute toxicity and 28-d chronic toxicity were conducted using the OECD artificial soil spiked with varying, serially diluted concentrations of methyl ethyl ketone and methanol. Mortality was recorded after 7-d and 28-d of exposures, and the number of juveniles were determined after 28-d of exposure in the chronic toxicity test. In both assessments, methanol was more toxic than methyl ethyl ketone in terms of mortality (LC50) and reproduction (EC50). The 7-d LC50 of methyl ethyl ketone and methanol were 762 and 2378 mg kg-1 soil dry wt., respectively, and the 28-d LC50s were 6063 and 1857 mg kg-1 soil dry wt., respectively. The 28-d EC50 of methyl ethyl ketone and methanol were 265 and 602 mg kg-1 soil dry wt., respectively. Comparison of results obtained in this study with literature data revealed that P. kimi was more sensitive to methanol than other soil invertebrates. However, given the high volatility of the chemicals tested in this study, further studies are necessary to improve the current test guideline, or to develop new test guidelines for an accurate assessment of chemicals that require toxicity databases for chemical accidents.

인쇄에서 종이의 인쇄적성은 인쇄품질을 결정하는 중요한 요소이며, 이를 보완하기 위해 많은 연 구들이 진행되어 왔다. 특히, 잉크젯에 의한 종이의 인쇄적성은 앞으로 전자융합산업의 발달을 고려해본 다면 더욱 주요한 연구가 될것이다. 따라서, 본 연구는 잉크젯 시스템에서 사용하는 CMYK 프로세스 잉 크의 인쇄적성을 파악하고 종이의 특성에 따라 색재현 정도를 ICC 프로파일값을 활용하여 분석하고자 하 였다. 잉크젯의 토출 특성을 이해하기 노즐에서의 잉크 유동을 시뮬레이션 하였고 종이의 재질이 다른 두 종(갱지 및 인화지)의 피인쇄체 위에 각기 다른 망점으로 인쇄하여 색재현 평가를 실시하였다. 각 종이의 관련 특징들 즉, 거칠음도, 투기도, 광택도 및 압축도,과 이에따른 색재현 특성을 ICC 프로파일모니터링에 쓰이는 ΔE값으로 표현하였다. 그 결과 상대적으로 종이의 낮은 거칠음도와 투기도 그리고 높은 압축력을 가지는 인화지에서 더 높은 색재현이 이루어짐을 알 수 있었다.

Porcine litter size is a quantitative trait and its heritability is especially low. So it is necessary to identify porcine reproductive gene and protein. The establishment of pregnancy requires performance of a receptive endometrium. We analyzed the endometrial tissue protein of porcine and would find out biomarker proteins related to porcine litter size. We sorted the two groups according to litter size of porcine: a small litter size group (SLSG) (n=2) and a large litter size group (LLSG) (n=2). The porcine endometrial tissue samples were analyzed separately using 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) within the isoelectric point ranges of 3.0 to 10.0, and then differential proteins were identified using MALDI-TOF analysis. In comparison of SLSG(small litter size group) with LLSG(large litter size group), a total of 9 protein spots differentially expressed on porcine endometrial tissue 2-DE gels, among which 5 spots were up-regulated proteins as retinol dehydrogenase 16-like isoform 1, Acrosin-binding protein, alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase. phosphoglycerate kinase 2, Acrosin-binding protein in LLSG. And 4 spots were up-regulated proteins as phosphoglycerate kinase 2, prenylcysteine oxidase in SLSG.

Recent studies suggested that gut symbionts modulate insect development and reproduction. However, how gut symbionts modulate host physiologies and what types of molecules are involved in these changes are still unclear. When we analyzed hemolymph proteins and transcriptional levels of host insects, hexamerin-α (Hex-α), hexamerin-β (Hex-β) and vitellogenin-1 (Vg-1) were highly expressed in symbiotic insects (Sym) compared to aposymbiotic insects (Apo). Depletion of Hex-β by RNA interference in 2nd Sym-nymphs delayed adult emergence, whereas Hex-α and Vg-1 RNA interference in 5th nymphs decreased reproduction of female insects and caused loss of color of laid eggs. Also, the levels of JHSBIII of Riptortus host were 3-fold higher in the Sym-female insects compared to the Apo-insects. These results demonstrate that the Burkholderia gut symbiont modulates host development and egg production through regulating the expression of three host storage proteins by controlling of brain hormone.

Wholesale beef price is the critical factor for determining Korean native cattle, Hanwoo, farm’s income in short-term. Wholesale beef price has seasonality due to high demand in Korean traditional holidays such as Korean thanksgiving day and lunar new year’s day. Therefore, it is important to make reproduction and marketing plans for Korean Hanwoo farmers, in order to increase their farm income. However, there is no study available on changes in the expected farm income depending on reproduction and marketing schedules. This study analyzed the expected farm income per head depending on the monthly-based marketing schedules. The analysis was conducted based on the seasonality of wholesale beef price, reproduction efficiency, operating costs, relationship between carcass grade and slaughter age. The result shows that slaughter Hanwoo at the age of 29 months-old in August and January generating the highest expected farm income per head.

The aim of the paper is to develop a framework capturing the process of how management novelty emerges and is stretched out in organizations. Taking a sociomaterial approach, it seeks to integrate the generation-implementation and rational-institutional dualisms that prevent us from gaining a holistic understanding of the complex and dynamic process of generating and adopting new management/marketing practices. The framework suggested draws on ideas from the sociology of knowledge and practice theories and puts premium on the significant role of material artefacts. The paper argues that an understanding of the emergence of novelty in organization presupposes a continuity between ideas and the activities to implement them. Conclusions and implications of this approach are drawn.

Development of a dental three-dimensional laser scanning system and measure the accuracy of new adjustable upper and lower dental impression tray was performed. The master model and the duplicated casts were digitized using an dental scanning system. The distance between the reference points were measured and analyzed on the graphic image of 3D graphic software of CATIA. The statistical significance of the differences between the groups was determined by a two-way ANOVA. There were no significant differences between the accuracies of the adjustable stock tray and the master model except only anterior arch width on the upper and lower arch. The adjustable upper and lower stock tray showed clinically acceptable accuracies of the study cast produced by them.

Growth rate during rearing, which varies depending on provided nutrition, has been related with age at 1st calving (AFC). This study investigated the effect of upgrowth parameters during the rearing period on the reproduction of nulliparous Holstein heifers. The study comprised 77 successively born heifers from the same herd. Growth rate and fertility traits were measured during rearing and fertility parameters were recorded in lactations 1. Growth parameters (body weight, height, heart girth and body length) were measured at the approximate birth time, 270 and 450 d of age. Reproduction data collected included age at 1st breeding, number of services per conception (S/C), pregnancy rate to 1st artificial insemination, AFC. Animals were subsequently divided into 4 AFC groups for analysis: <23 mo, 23∼ 25 mo, 26∼30 mo and >30 mo. The AFC reflected both upgrowth rate and heifer reproduction, with later calving heifers smaller. Increased skeletal growth (at 270 and 450 d) was related with a reduced AFC (p<0.05). Early calving animals (<23 mo) had the best reproduction as nulliparous heifers, with most conceiving at first service (87.5%). Fertility in the first lactation was the worst in the oldest AFC group (>30 mo). In the 1st lactation period, a number of services per conception (3.1±0.3) increased with increasing AFC (>30 mo). Sub-optimal upgrowth related with an increased AFC could be mitigated by improved monitoring of replacement heifers during the rearing period.

국내 미기록종 Pyemotes moseri Yu et Liang (Acarina: Pyemotidae)는 곤충기생성 응애로 매실 씨앗 속 유충에서 처음 발견되었다. 발견 당시 응애가 기생하고 있었던 기주의 미토콘드리아 유전자를 증폭하여 염기서열을 분석한 결과 복숭아씨살이좀벌의 유충으로 밝혀졌다. 본 연구 는 실험실 조건하에서 P. moseri의 번식과 기생 능력을 조사하였다. 복숭아씨살이좀벌의 유충을 기주로 이용하여 P. moseri의 교미한 암컷 성충을 사육하면서 주기적으로 관찰하여 새로 태어나는 자손의 수와 성별을 조사한 후 제거하였다. 기생 능력 조사는 원예용 상토가 깔린 스테인레스 바 트에 대량 사육한 응애가 들어 있는 튜브와 복숭아씨살이좀벌 유충이 가해한 매실 씨앗을 함께 담은 후 지퍼백에 넣어 인큐베이터에 보관하였다. 복숭아씨살이좀벌 유충 또는 번데기에 응애의 기생 여부를 확인하고자 한달 후 매실 씨앗을 조사하였으며 본 실험은 5반복씩 3회 실시하였다. 교 미한 암컷이 기생하기 시작한 이후부터 생식이 끝날 때까지의 기간은 평균 24.4일(n=8)이었으며 교미한 암컷 한 마리당 평균 104.0마리(n=8)의 암컷을 낳았디. 복숭아씨살이좀벌의 유충 또는 번데기가 들어 있는 매실 씨앗은 바트당 평균 7개 이상이었고 이중 단 2개의 씨앗에서만 기생에 성 공한 응애를 관찰하였다.