This study investigated the effect of offering eco-friendly fashion items on consumers’ perceived image of stores and their intention to purchase food in a hybrid cafe setting. The data were collected using an online survey of 465 adults aged 20 to 49 years. In order to compare ‘a general cafe’ where only food is sold and ‘a hybrid cafe’ which offers eco-friendly fashion items as well as food, we developed two store types (general×hybrid) with two store designs (modern×eco-friendly) as stimuli, resulting in four scenarios. The results indicated that offering eco-friendly fashion items at a cafe did not significantly affect consumers’ perceived eco-friendly image of the store. Further, this negatively affected consumers’ perceived healthy and tasty images of the store and intention to purchase food. Such negative effects on the healthy and tasty images of the store increased in the store with a modern design. In conclusion, offering eco-friendly fashion items at cafes may not contribute to enhancing the stores’ images or sales.

지금까지 진성 리더십 연구들은 한정된 맥락 속(예: 영리 조직)에서만 진행되었으며, 진성 리더십의 개 발 가능성과 선행요인을 확인한 연구는 미흡한 편이다. 따라서 본 연구는 군 조직에서 리더의 자아존중감, 자아 성찰(빈도, 초점, 시간), 인생의미(존재, 탐색)가 리더 자신의 진성 리더십에 미치는 영향과 리더의 진성 리더십이 부하들의 리더에 대한 신뢰, 리더 지향 조직시민행동에 미치는 영향을 실증하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 이를 검증하기 위해 리더 양성 프로그램으로 수양록(일기)을 작성하고 있는 사관학교에서 사관생도 719명(소대장 생도 32명, 분대장 생도 93명, 분대원 생도 594명)을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 실증 분석하였다. 분석결과 자아존중감이 높은 리더, 자아에 대한 반복적인 성찰(수양록 작성의 빈도)을 하는 리더, 현재 자신의 모습을 원인 중심으로 성찰(수양록 작성의 초점)하는 리더가 진성 리더십이 높게 나타났으며, 인생의 의미를 발견한(인생의미 존재) 리더 역시 진성 리더로써 개발될 가능성이 컸다. 또한, 진성 리더십은 분대 수준에서 리더에 대한 신뢰, 리더 지향 조직시민행동과 긍정적인 관계를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석결과를 통해 본 연구는 기존 진성 리더십 연구들에서 밝혀지지 않은 진성 리더십의 선행요인을 확인하였으며, 군 조직에서 진성 리더십이 부하들의 리더에 대한 신뢰, 조직시민행동에 중요한 역할을 한다는 것을 밝혔다.

The present study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of bottom-up (BU) and top-down (TD) approaches on EFL learners’ vocabulary learning, the difference in the effects of the two approaches depending upon their level of vocabulary proficiency, and their perception of the approaches. For this study, 122 college students were divided into two approach groups and to two levels in each group depending upon their level of vocabulary knowledge. They were trained with either of the approaches for one semester. The results were that 1) there was no statistically significant differences between the BU and TD approaches, even though the two approaches were effective to improve the students’ vocabulary knowledge; 2) high-level students failed to show any significant differences between the two approaches in the two tests, whereas low-level students in the BU group performed significantly better than those in the TD group in the production test; and 3) they preferred the BU or TD approach to the traditional method in vocabulary learning, and they listed some advantages and disadvantages of the approaches.

Since guided missiles with the characteristics of the one-shot system remain stored throughout their entire life cycle, it is important to maintain their storage reliability until the launch. As part of maintaining storage reliability, period of preventive test is set up to perform preventive periodic test, in this case failure detection rate has a great effect on setting up period of preventive test to maintain storage reliability. The proposed method utilizes failure rate predicted by the software on the basis of MIL-HDBK-217F and failure mode analyzed through FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) using data generated from the actual field. The failure detection rate of using the proposed method is applied to set periodic test of the actual guided missile. The proposed method in this paper has advantages in accuracy and objectivity because it utilizes a large amount of data generated in the actual field.

It is difficult to apply the ram target value setting methods of the conventional weapon system to a large combined weapon system such as a submarine. The current study presents the case of weapon system development and suggests a new way to improve the setting and verification methods of ram target value of the submarine through critical review of the case. The submarine, unlike other weapon system, has an operating environment, which reaches all over the world, and its operating and maintenance conditions are different from others. Therefore, the ram target value of the submarine should be set and verified on the basis of mission essential equipment and mission critical equipment, not of all the constituent components.

PURPOSES : We propose a parameter-setting-free harmony-search (PSF-HS) algorithm to determine the individual sound power levels of noise sources in the cases of industrial or road noise environment. METHODS: In terms of using methods, we use PSF-HS algorithm because the optimization parameters cannot be fixed through finding the global minimum. RESULTS: We found that the main advantage of the PSF-HS heuristic algorithm is its ability to find the best global solution of individual sound power levels through a nonlinear complex function, even though the parameters of the original harmony-search (HS) algorithm are not fixed. In an industrial and road environment, high noise exposure is harmful, and can cause nonauditory effects that endanger worker and passenger safety. This study proposes the PSF-HS algorithm for determining the PWL of an individual machine (or vehicle), which is a useful technique for industrial (or road) engineers to identify the dominant noise source in the workplace (or road field testing case). CONCLUSIONS : This study focuses on providing an efficient method to determine sound power levels (PWLs) and the dominant noise source while multiple machines (or vehicles) are operating, for comparison with the results of previous research. This paper can extend the state-of-the-art in a heuristic search algorithm to determine the individual PWLs of machines as well as loud machines (or vehicles), based on the parameter-setting-free harmony-search (PSF-HS) algorithm. This algorithm can be applied into determining the dominant noise sources of several vehicles in the cases of road cross sections and congested housing complex.

Currently, in Korea, the frequent damage of aged concrete pavements causes route blockages due to maintenance and repair works. Ultra-rapid cement has been used as a measure to solve the economic losses which result from traffic delays, accidents, and civil complaints due to blocked routes. However, now, it couldn’t be used except for urgent constructions because the price is expensive and its onsite application is complicated, hence, fast hardening admixtures are being used in ordinary cement to solve the problem with ultra-rapid cement. In this research, it is intended to develop a material which enables early opening of the road being constructed and cured within 24 hours of closure, to secure durability characteristics of early strength concrete by incorporating admixtures (silica fume, latex, polymer powder), and to find optimal mixing ratio and select the optimal variable for each material.

This document gives a result of experiments on concrete using admixture Sikament® R4 combine with Sikacrete PP1. In developing countries, the development guides to build and set up a new infrastructure. In this case, the schedule of works is very important, which depends on the setting time of concrete structure. Specially, in tropical monsoon climate country, we need to use admixtures to increase the life time of constructions, especially concrete structures. Today, there are thousands of building, roads and bridges will be made. By using admixture, it not only helps to save the waiting time on the work site, but also increase quality of concrete structure. By using these good effects of admixtures, it’s necessary to find an optimal ratio of them in the mix design ingredient of concrete. The concrete strength can be controlled by changing a range of variety ratio of admixture in the mix design. This topic will find out the role of admixture and its relationship with the compressive strength of concrete.

Gryllus bimaculatus is one of many cricket species known as field crickets. Also known as the African or Mediterranean field cricket or as the two-spotted cricket, it can be discriminated from other Gryllus species by the two dot-like marks on the base of its wings. G.bimaculatus is a subtropical insect and widely distributed from Africa to south Asia. After into the country, The species are popular for use as a food source for insectivorous animals like spiders and reptiles kept as pets. In 2016, G.bimaculatus was approved as a general food ingredient by Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. However, domestic research on G.bimaculatus is still in its study is beginning stages. G.bimaculatus is possible species to year-round rearing without storage condition. but The aim of the present study prepares for in case of problems such as breeding space, labor cost etc. In the laboratory condition at 28±2℃ and 50% relative humidity under 10h light, 12h dark photoperiod, Adult crickets oviposit at soaked flower foam for 24 hours. The experiment on the hatching of the eggs showed that eggs could be stocked at 16℃ for 10 days with 7 day pre-period after laying, representing 85% hatchability.

Background: Patient-centered care has recently become highly recommended, because it can improve health outcomes more effectively than problem-oriented care. The goal attainment scale (GAS) is one of the methods used for patient-centered care. It was originally developed as an outcome measurement tool, but it can also be used as a therapeutic intervention when setting quantifiable patient-centered goals. Objects: We sought to identify the effect of setting patient-centered goals on rehabilitation outcomes in patients with subacute stoke using GAS. Methods: Overall, 46 subjects with subacute stroke were divided into experimental (n1=23) and control (n2=23) groups. Subjects in both groups attended physical therapy sessions five times a week for four weeks. Those in the experimental group set goals using goal-attainment scaling. The mobility of each subject was evaluated using the Rivermead mobility index (RMI); daily-living activities, using the K-modified Barthel index (K-MBI); participation, using the Hopkins rehabilitation-engagement rating scale (HRERS); satisfaction, using the patient-satisfaction scale (PSS). Results: Subjects in the experimental group experienced more significant increases in RMI, HRERS, and PSS than those in the control group (p<.05, p<.05 and p<.01, respectively). After four weeks, GAS scores of the experimental group had increased more significantly than those of baseline (p<.01). Conclusion: Setting patient-centered goals is effective in improving the mobility and satisfaction of patients with subacute stoke. Setting patient-centered goals needs to be performed more frequently in clinical settings.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this study was to develop an urgent road-repair system and perform a field applicability test, as well as discover the optimum mix design for machine applications compared to the optimum mix design for lab applications. METHODS: According to reviews of the patent and developed equipment, self-propelled and mix-in-place equipment types are suitable for urgent pavement repair, e.g., potholes and cracks. The machine-application mix design was revised based on the optimum lab-test mix design, and the field application of a spray-injection system was performed on the job site. The mixture from the machine application and lab application was subjected to a wet-track abrasion test and a wheel-tracking test to calibrate the machine application. RESULTS and CONCLUSIONS : This study showed that the binder content could differ for the lab application and the machine application in the same setting. Based on the wet-track abrasion test result, the binder contents of the machine application exceeded the binder contents of the lab application by 1-1.5% on the same setting value. Moreover, the maximum dynamic stability value for the machine application showed 1% lower binder contents than the maximum lab-application value. Collectively, the results of the two different tests showed that the different sizes and operating methods of the machine and lab applications could affect the mix designs. Further studies will be performed to verify the bonding strength and monitor the field application.

보호관찰과 갱생보호는 그 역사적 맥락을 달리하고 있다. 갱생보호는 응보형주의의 형벌 체계 하에서부터 존재하였던 것이고, 보호관찰은 목적형주의가 등장하면서 비교적 새롭게 도입된 것이다. 현행 법무부 직제 하에서는 갱생보호를 보호관찰을 집행하는 과정에서 보호관찰에 부수하여 보호관찰의 실효성을 높이기 위한 수단으로 쓰고 있는 것으로 파악된다. 교정기관에서의 교정 기간과 보호관찰 기간은 그리 길지 않을 수 있지만, 출소자가 다시 범죄를 저지르지 않도록 하는 관리 기간은 상당히 오랜 시간이 소요되는 일이다. 따라서 실질적인 재범의 예방은 출소자의 사회 복귀가 얼마나 성공적으로 이루어졌느냐에 달려있다고 볼 수 있다. 그런 면에서 갱생보호의 중요성은 교정과 보호관찰에 비해 작다고 할 수 없으며 실질적 재범 예방의 바로미터는 갱생보호의 성공과 그 지속에 있다고 해도 과언이 아니다. 원래부터 민간 차원의 자원봉사와 사회복지에 그 뿌리를 두고 있던 갱생보호는, 국가형벌권의 행사이자 권력 작용인 교도소 운영과 보호관찰의 운영도 민영화하는 현재의 상황에서 더욱 더 민간으로 이양되어 운영될 것으로 보인다. 영국의 사례에서 알 수 있는 것은 영국은 정부 규모를 축소하는 정책으로 인하여 보호관찰과 더불어 교도소의 운영까지도 민간에게 넘기고 있다는 것이다. 아직까지는 비영리 민영교도소인 소망교도소 1곳이 운영되고 있을 뿐이고, 보호관찰도 국가에서 담당하고 있으며, 갱생보호에 대해서도 대부분의 갱생보호를 공법인인 한국법무보호복지공단에서 제공하고 있는 우리나라의 현실에 비추어볼 때 지금 우리나라는 갱생보호를 국가의 권력작용인 보호관찰과 쌍을 이루어 운영할지 아니면 민간차원의 사회복지사업으로 운영할지의 갈림길에 서 있다고 할 수 있다.

The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of ozone in sanitizing water experimentally inoculated with the gram-positive food-poisoning bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. The bactericidal effect was measured after experimentally inoculated solutions were exposed to 0, 0.5, and 1.0 ppm ozone at several time points and different temperatures, in the presence of varying concentrations of different organic matter, namely, fetal bovine serum (FBS) or cattle liver. Results revealed inhibition of the bactericidal effect in the presence of the lowest percentage of FBS, but a lower extent of the inhibition occurred when liver was used as the organic matter. It was also apparent that a higher temperature and shorter ozone exposure time had led to a more reduced bactericidal efficacy than that under a lower temperature and longer ozone exposure. This study provides insight into the potential use of ozonated water as an effective and safe disinfectant in an abattoir setting.

The estimation method of economical leakage management target utilized upon planning business for improvement of revenue water ratio in South Korea is presented and applicability of methods developed in this study is assessed through application on site. With a consideration of revenue water ratio in application target area, estimation method of long-term economical leakage management target is applied. Three leakage reduction methods such as replacement of residual aged pipe, leakage investigation and restoration and water pressure management are applied with a consideration of characteristics of site. Due to difficulty of obtaining data, analysis of cost/benefit by leakage reduction methods is performed by applying method of leakages estimation equation among statistical methods. As a result of application, revenue water ratio corresponding to long-term economical leakage management target is 91.6 %.

‘원황’ 배(Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai)나무에 착과수준을 주당 54개(60%착과), 90개[100%착과구(관행)], 126개 (140%착과)로 조절 하였을 때 가지의 생장, 저장양분 및 과실생산과 익년에 삽수의 생장에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 2년간 수행되었다. 주당 착과량이 증가하면 도장지 생장이 감소하였고 1년생 가지의 탄수화물 과다량 무기원소 및 유리당 농도가 감소하는 경향이 나타났다. 관행 대비 140% 착과처리구는 두 해 모두 수량이 약 35톤으로 가장 높았지만 평균과중과 과실 크기 및 과육당도는 다소 낮은 수준이었다. 하지만 140% 착과처리구는 60%와 100% 착과 처리구 보다 년간 천 만원 이상의 소득증대가 관찰되었다. -20oC 처리에서 삽수의 발아율은 뚜렷한 감소가 나타나지 않았고, - 30oC에서는 140% 착과처리구에서 70% 이하로 감소되었다. 저온에서 삽수의 전해질 누출률은 적과수준에 따라서 크게 차이는 없었다.

PURPOSES :The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum mix design of the content of 100 % reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) for spray injection application with different binder types.METHODS:Literature review revealed that spray injection method is the one of the efficient and economical methods for repairing a small defective area on an asphalt pavement. The Rapid-Setting Polymer modified asphalt mixtures using two types of rapid setting polymers-asphalt emulsion and a quick setting polymer asphalt emulsion-were subjected to the following tests to determine optimum mix designs and for performance comparison: 1) Marshall stability test, 2) Retained stability test, 3) Wet track abrasion test, and 4) Dynamic stability test.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS :Type A, B, and C emulsions were tested with different mix designs using RAP aggregates, to compare the performances and determine the optimum mix design. Performance of mixtures with Type A emulsion exceeded that of mixtures with Type B and C emulsion in all aspects. In particular, Type A binder demonstrated the highest performance for WTAT at low temperature. It demonstrated the practicality of using Type A mixture during the cold season. Furthers studies are to be performed to verify the optimum mix design for machine application. Differences in optimum mix designs for machine application and lab application will be corrected through field tests.