This paper studied the Pingzuo(平坐) platform structure of the two story building covered with one roof during the early period of Tang dynasty, based on wall paintings, stone pagodas, brick buildings and wooden buildings might be influenced by the Tang style. Instead of Chazhuzao(叉柱造), the typical column linkage in the Song, Liao and Jin buildings, it put the boundary column just behind the wall of a bracket set. Otherwise, the column root might be seen from outside, because its bracket set was still using Touxinzao(偸心造) which did not have a lateral arm on it. And its flooring structure was also different from the Song style, it used cantilever beams instead of lateral beams supported by bracket sets.

A shear wall is a structural member designed to effectively resist in-plane lateral forces, such as strong winds and earthquakes. Due to its efficiency and stability, shear walls are often installed in residential buildings and essential facilities such as nuclear power plants. In this research, to predict the results of the shaking table test of the three-story shear wall RC structure hosted by the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, three types of numerical modeling techniques are proposed: Preliminary, Calibrated 1, and Calibrated 2 models, in order of improvement. For the proposed models, an earthquake of the 2016 Gyeongju, South Korea (peak ground acceleration of 0.28 g) and its amplified earthquake (peak ground acceleration of 0.50 g) are input. The response spectra of the measuring points are obtained by numerical analysis. Good agreement is observed in the comparisons between the experiment results and the simulation conducted on the finally adopted numerical model, Calibrated 2. In the process of improving the model, this paper investigates the influences of the mode shape, material properties, and boundary conditions on the structure's seismic behavior.

Spatial structure does not have columns and walls installed inside, so they have a large space. There are upper structure and substructure supporting them. The response of seismic loads to the upper structure may be increased or decreased due to the effects of the substructure. Therefore, in this study, the seismic response of the upper structure and the floor response spectrum of the substructure were compared and analyzed according to the height of the substructure in the spatial structure where the LRB was installed. As a result, the possibility of amplification of response was confirmed as seismic waves passed though the substructure, which is likely to increase the response of the upper structures.

A hybrid mid-story seismic isolation system with a smart damper has been proposed to mitigate seismic responses of tall buildings. Based on previous research, a hybrid mid-story seismic isolation system can provide effective control performance for reduction of seismic responses of tall buildings. Structural design of the hybrid mid-story seismic isolation system is generally performed after completion of structural design of a building structure. This design concept is called as an iterative design which is a general design process for structures and control devices. In the iterative design process, optimal design solution for the structure and control system is changed at each design stage. To solve this problem, the integrated optimal design method for the hybrid mid-story seismic isolation system and building structure was proposed in this study. An existing building with mid-story isolation system, i.e. Shiodome Sumitomo Building, was selected as an example structure for more realistic study. The hybrid mid-story isolation system in this study was composed of MR (magnetorheological) dampers. The stiffnessess and damping coefficients of the example building, maximum capacity of MR damper, and stiffness of isolation bearing were simultaneously optimized. Multi-objective genetic optimization method was employed for the simultaneous optimization of the example structure and the mid-story seismic isolation system. The optimization results show that the simultaneous optimization method can provide better control performance than the passive mid-story isolation system with reduction of structural materials.

게임에서의 스토리는 상호작용 할 수 있는 인터렉티브 스토리텔링이라는 점에서 사용자의 몰입을 유도한다. 이러한 인터렉티브 스토리텔링은 기존의 이야기의 선형 구조와 달리 비선형 구조를 띄고 있기 때문에 기존의 서술구조와는 다른 서술구조가 연구되어왔다. 크게 사건 중심인 트리 기반 서술구조, 제약 기반 서술구조, 캐릭터 중심인 캐릭터 기반 서술구조가 있다. 트리 기반 서술구조는 HTN, HSP등 여러 알고리즘으로 발전되었고, 분기가 많을수록 트리의 크기가 커진다는 단점과 이야기의 자유도가 떨어진다는 단점이 존재하였고, 캐릭터 기반 서술구조의 경우 사건이 아닌 캐릭터를 설계한 다음 캐릭터가 자유롭게 행동하게 하여 이야기를 진행하는 방식으로 사용자가 몰입하는 대상이 캐릭터라는 점에서 게임에 더 적합할 수는 있지만, 캐릭터의 행동을 세밀하게 설계하기 힘들다는 단점이 존재한다. 본 연구는 이 중 제약 기반 서술구조를 전체 이야기의 흐름 파악과 다양한 사건전개가 용이하도록 새로운 태그들을 제시하여 재설계하였다. 새롭게 제시된 <event>라는 태그는 이야기의 흐름 파악을 쉽게 할 수 있게 하고, <plot>이라는 태그는 다양한 사건전개가 용이하도록 설계되었다. 제안하는 서술구조를 이용하여 예시로 이솝우화 중 토끼와 거북이에 적용하였다.

This study aims to establish a seismic resistance performance evaluation method that makes sure to secure the seismic resistance performance of the existing mid-low story reinforced concrete structures. This study focuses on the development of the seismic resistance performance evaluation method for the overall seismic resistance performance evaluation on the buildings by applying fuzzy theory. This seismic resistance performance evaluation method considers the mutual relations among the type of force, the type of member, the type of story, and the states of deterioration of the buildings. The total seismic resistance performance index from this method was calculated by the intensity weight of each evaluation item, fuzzy measure, fuzzy integration. Moreover, the evaluation methodology was established in this study to identify the performance level of the Immediate Occupancy, Life Safe, Collapse Prevention by applying the fuzzy theory.

The seismic isolation system reduces the seismic vibration that is transmitted from foundation to upper structure. This seismic isolation system can be classified into base isolation and mid-story isolation by the installation location. In this study, the seismic behavior of dome structure with mid-story isolation is analyzed to verify the effect of seismic isolation. Mid-story isolation is more effective than base isolation to reduce the seismic responses of roof structure. Also, this isolation would be excellent in structural characteristics and construction.

In this study, Stockbridge damper was adopted to reduce the reponses of structures under earthquakes. A finite element analysis software, SAP2000, was used to simulate the structural response and the control device under dynamic loads. A 3 story frame model and the proposed control device, Stockbridge damper, were designed under laboratory conditions. In this research, a pendulum type tuned mass damper (PTMD) was also adopted in order to compare with the Stockbridge damper. Harmonic loads were applied to verity the control performance of both control devices in each mode. In results, it has been found that the Stockbirdge damper decreases significantly the responses of the structure more than the PTMD under the harmonic loadings. The El Centro and Northridge earthquakes were also applied in order to investigate the performance by both control devices. The responses of the building demonstrate that the Stockbridge damper reduces the response of the building structure during earthquakes more effectively than the PTMD.

본 연구에서는 풍응답 제어를 위해 능동질량감쇠기가 설치된 39층 구조물의 시스템식별을 수행하였다. 능동 질량감쇠기를 가진기로 이용하여 입력 조화하중 신호를 생성하여 구조물을 가진하였으며, 가진 결과로 발생한 구조물의 가속도 응답을 계측하여 구조물의 전달함수를 파악하였다. 대상 구조물의 상시진동 계측 결과를 바탕으로 가진 제어 대상이 되는 주요 저차모드의 개략적인 범위를 파악한 후 가진 진동수 대역을 결정하였으며, 3곳의 위치에서 계측된 가속도 응답을 바탕으로 제어대상 3개 모드의 진동수와 감쇠비, 그리고 모드형상을 식별하였다. 모드벡터는 AMD의 설치위치 및 가진방향과 동일한 위치의 응답을 기준으로 정규화하여 구성하였으며, 정규화된 모드벡터에 따른 모드 질량행렬을 도출하였다. 식별된 모드특성을 이용하여 구성된 해석모델을 사용하여 얻어진 가속도 응답이 계측된 결과와 거의 일치한다는 사실로부터 식별된 모델이 적절하게 구조물의 동적거동을 모사하고 있음을 확인하였다.

Under the huge seismic loads, there are too many risks about which high-rise buildings lost their lateral stiffness caused by plasticity on frame members. Because of earthquake is important cause to bring the collapes countinue to human’s life, many reports examined these phenomenons in various angles. And some of them reported the high possibility about building collapse by deformation concentrations under huge earthquakes. For preventing these phenomenons, researchers suggest some items-such as adding damping devices or strengthen their ductility or stifness. This report suggests choose the method of strengthen building stiffness and suggests the alternative designs using high strength steel-SM570TMC, and provides the results of time-history analysis about the alternative designs for investigation

본 연구에서는 시간종속요소를 이용하여 상부벽식-하부골조구조가 고려된 중 저층 철근콘크리트 구조물의 동적응답을 조사하였다. 시간종속요소란 사용자가 원하는 시간간격에서 부재를 활성화할 수 있는 진보된 요소로써 기존의 수행되었던 실험을 통해 가장 우수한 성능을 보인 채널형 비좌굴가새가 해석에서 보강요소로 고려되었다. 시간종속요소로 고려된 비좌굴가새는 1차 지진하중에 의해 구조물이 손상된 후에 2차 지진하중이 발생하기 전에 모멘트골조에 설치, 보강된 것으로 가정되었다. 이러한 가정을 바탕으로 내진설계가 고려되지 않은 5층 콘크리트 건물에 연속지진하중의 적용을 통하여 시간종속요소의 영향에 따라 구조물의 동적응답을 비교하였다. 2차 지진파가 발생했을 때 비좌굴가새를 활성화시키는 것은 1차 지진하중에 의해 손상이 집중된 모멘트골조의 변형을 크게 감소시키는 것으로 조사되었다. 그러나 전단벽시스템은 BRB시스템이 활성화된 이후에도 손상이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 모멘트골조의 보강효과에 비해 전단벽시스템의 누적손상이 매우 미세하기 때문에 연속지진하중에 대한 BRB시스템은 효과적인 보강방법으로 조사되었다.

Forced vibration testing is important for correlating the mathematical model of a structure with the realone and for evaluating the performance of the real structure. There exist various techniques available for evaluating the seismic performance using dynamic and static measurements. In this paper, full scale forced vibration tests simulating earthquake response are implemented by using a hybrid mass damper. The finite element(FE) model of the structure was analytically constructed using ANSYS and the model was updated using the results experimentally measured by the forced vibration test. System identification of real-scaled 5 story building structure which is located in UNISON INC. is conducted on the updated FE model.

This paper presents vibration control of a real-scaled five-story steel structure subjected to horizontal excitation using a semi-active magneto-rheological (MR) damper. A large-sized double-rod MR damper, which is applicable for vibration control of the real-scaled five-story structure, is designed and manufactured on the basis of the field-dependent Bingham model of the MR fluid. The damping force of the MR damper is experimentally evaluated with respect to the excitation frequency at various magnetic fields. After formulating the governing equation of motion for the five-story structure associated with the MR damper, displacement and acceleration responses of the structure are discussed under pseudo earthquake excitation in which a hybrid mass damper is designed to reproduce seismically excited structural responses. The controllers which require only structural response of the damper installed floor for calculating the input current of the MR damper are designed to effectively suppress unwanted structural vibrations

This paper presents a design process for viscoelastic dampers and a full-scale test of a 5-story steel structure with added viscoelastic dampers. The mechanical properties of viscoelastic dampers and the dynamic characteristics of the model structure were obtained from experiments, and the results were used in the design process. The additional damping ratios required to reduce the maximum response of the structure to a desired level were obtained first by the convex model. Then the size of dampers to realize the required damping ratio was determined using the modal strain energy method by observing the change in modal damping ratio due to the change in damper stiffness. The designed viscoelastic dampers were installed in the first and the second inter-stories of the model structure, and the system was excited by a hybrid mass driver located on the fifth floor. The experimental results indicated that after the dampers were installed the dynamic response of the full-scale model structure reduced as desired in the design process.

In this study, in order to investigate the effectiveness of tuned liquid damper (TLD) for the seismic performance enhancement of the existing reinforced concrete (RC) apartment structure which is not seismically designed, shaking table test was conducted for the small scale five story RC structure with TLD. TLD model was constructed to have the frequency tuned to the first modal frequency of the structure, 2% mass ratio of the first modal mass, and 0.08 liquid depth ratio. White noise with 0.2~5Hz frequency bandwidth and harmonic load tests were performed using the shaking table at Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, and the displacement and absolute acceleration of each floor were measured. Test results indicate that more than 30% seismic responses reduction can be achieved using TLD for RC structure under white noise and harmonic load.

본 연구는 경주부근에서 일어난 3개의 지진 (1999년 4월 24일, 규모 3.3, 6개 관측소; 1999년 6월 2일, 규모 4.0, 14개 관측소; 1999년 9월 12일, 규모 3.2, 7개 관측소)으로부터 27개의 관측된 지반진동 자료를 이용하여 지진원 및 지진파감쇄특성 변수값을 분석하였다. 본 연구에서는 구하고자 하는 모든 값을 동시에 비선형적으로 분석하기 위해 LM (Levenberg -Marquardt) 역산방법을 적용하였고 전단파 에너지를 이용하였다. 3개지진의 평균 응력강하값은 약48-bar이고 본 연구에 이용된 모든 관측소 부지부근 지진파감쇄 {\kappa}값의 평균은 0.0312-sec로 분석되었다. 또한 광역 지진파감쇄값인 Qo 과 {\eta}값은 각각 417 및 0.83으로 분석되었다. 특히 지진파감쇄 {\kappa}값은 미국 동부지역 대푯값 보다 훨씬 크고 미국 서부지역 대푯값 보다 약간 작은 값을 보여주고 있어 관측소 부지증폭 특성에 대한 분석자료가 있으면 보다 의미있는 결과를 얻을 수 있다고 판단된다. 본 연구에서 분석된 지진원 및 지진파감쇄 특성 변수값들은 지배방정식의 차이 등으로 인해 기존의 연구결과와 일부 파라메타값에 있어서 다소 커다란 차이를 보여주고 있다.

본 연구에서는 지진하중을 받는 탄성구조물을 대상으로 층전단력 분포에 기초한 마찰감쇠기의 설계방법을 제시하였다. 먼저 마찰감쇠기의 슬립하중(slip-load)을 정규화하는 방법 별로 단자유도 시스템의 수치해석을 수행하고 비교하였다. 이를 통해 슬립하중과 가새 강성의 영향을 파악하였으며, 설치용 가새와 원구조물의 최적강성비를 찾았다. 다음으로는 다양한 고유주기와 층수를 갖는 구조물을 대상으로 수치해석을 통해 마찰감쇠기의 설치 층수와 위치의 결정방법 및 슬립하중의 분배 방법을 도출하였다. 이 과정에서 설치 층수가 포함된 성능지수를 사용하여 슬립하중의 총합으로부터 최적의 설치 층수를 도출하는 경험식을 제시하였다. 마지막으로 실제 지진하중을 사용한 수치해석을 통해 기존의 최적설계 방법과 비교하여 제안된 방법의 우수성을 입증하였다.

In this study, a seismic design methodology for a friction damper based on the story shear force of an elastic building structure is proposed. First, using two normalization methods for the slip-load of a friction damper, numerical analyses of various single-degree-of-freedom systems are performed. From those analyses, the effect of the slip-load and brace stiffness was investigated and the optimal stiffness ratio of the brace versus original structure was found. Second, from the numerical analysis for five multi-story building structures with different natural frequency and the number of story, reasonable decision method for the total number of installation floor, location of installation and distribution of slip-loads are drawn. In addition, an empirical equation on the optimal number of installation floor is proposed. Finally, the superiority of the proposed method compared to the existing design method is verified from the numerical analysis.

본 논문은 축소 3층 건물의 최상층에 능동질량형 제어장치를 설치한 시스템에 관한 식별실향분석이다. OKID기법을 적용하여 진동대 및 제어장치의 가진 입력과 건물 및 제어장치의 응답인 출력관계를 분석하여 수학모델을 구하였다. 제어장치가 설치된 건물에 관한 입력은 진동대에 의한 지반가속도와 제어장치 모터의 구동신호이다 그리고 출력은 건물 각층과 제어장치의 가속도이다. 입출력 관계로 구하여진 수학모델을 바탕으로 제어장치의 최적설계를 수행하였으며 수치해석과 실험결과를 비교한바 서로 일치함을 확인할 수 있었다.