본 연구의 목적은 인지 수준에 따른 고등학생들의 지구와 달의 운동에 대한 생각을 알아보는 데 있다. 연구를 수행하기 위하여 경기도 수원시에 소재한 일반계 고등학교 10학년 학생 73명을 선정하여, 인지 사고 수준이 상, 중, 하인 학생 5명을 표집, 질적 분석의 대상으로 삼았다. 연구 결과, 학생의 인지 수준이 높을수록 지구와 달의 공전과 자전에 대한 개념이 비교적 논리적이고 과학적으로 정립되어 있었다. 인지 수준이 중간인 학생의 경우, 보편적으로 수업 시간에 학습한 내용을 비판 없이 무조건 수용하고 암기하려는 수동적인 학습 태도를 가지고 있었으며 파지된 개념이 확장되지 못하고 쉽게 망각되었다. 또한, 지구와 달의 운동을 설명하는 과정에서 유년적 개념 및 직관과 오인이 나타났으며 논리적 오류를 범하는 경우도 있었다. 특히 달의 위상 및 계절 변화의 원인에 대한 설명에서 학생들의 오개념이 심한 것으로 나타났다. 인지 수준이 낮은 학생들은 대체로 과학을 비롯한 학업 성취도가 낮음을 이유로 의욕적인 논리적 사고를 하려고 하지 않았으며, 개념을 인지하고자 하는 태도에서도 소극적이었고, 수동적인 ‘학습된 무기력’이 나타났다.

본 연구는 중학생들의 달의 운동에 대한 선개념의 유형을 파악하고, 인지갈등 수업모형을 적용한 수업이 달의 운동 개념을 어떻게 변화시키는지를 알아보는데 목적이 있다 이를 위해 중학교 3학년 48명을 대상으로 양적연구를 하였고, 이들 중 남 · 녀 각 5명씩, 10명을 선정하여 질적연구를 하였다. 주요 활동은 약 한 달 동안 달 관측 활동을 실시하고 3차시의 인지갈등 수업모형에 따른 수업을 전개하였다. 달의 운동 개념 수준 변화를 알아보기 위하여 달의 운동개념 수준 검사지와 면담 평가지를 개발하여 투입하였다. 그 결과, 중학생들은 초등학교에서 학습한 달의 운동 개념에 대해 많은 오개념을 가지고 있었다. 특히 달의 운동과 관련된 현상에 대한 과학적인 해석 능력이 매우 부족하였다. 인지갈등 수업모형의 적용은 달의 운동 개념을 발전시키는데 매우 효과적이었다. 그러나 학생들의 활동 중 평면적인 그림이나 축소된 모형이 달의 운동 개념을 해석함에 있어 또 다른 오개념을 유발하고 있음을 발견하였다.

A Study on the Youkjoron(逆調論) of the So Moon(素問) one of the classic book of oriental medicine, was carried out analytically for the right comments. The principal ideas abtained summerized as follows: The unbalance between Eum(陰) and Yang(陽) The unbalance between Su(水) and Wha(火) The Yuk Ga(肉苛) which is caused by the unbalance of the Young Wi(營衛) The Asthma(喘息) which is caused by the unbalance of the Viscera(臟腑)

A study on the Byungtae Ron(病能論) of the So Moon(素問), one of the classic book of oriental medicine, was carried out analytically for the right comments. The principal ideas obtained summarized as follows; Neng(能) is similar to tae(態) in the pronunciation and the meaning of a chinese character. Byungtae(病能) means the state of the symptoms and the pulse condition of the diseases, etc. It deals with ethological factor, mechanism of disease, the condition of an illness, method of diagnosis, rule of treatment, technique of treatment of seven diseases and taking this seven diseases as a example, mainly discuss the technique and significance of clinical observation and the pathogenesis and condition of an illness, so It named Byungtaeron(病能論) In this chapter it shows we can grasp condition of illness well only if we classify the pathogenesis and condition of an illness in details. this viewpoint provides the foundation of development in oriental diagnostics. It places emphasis on pulse feeling in this chapter, so it describes pulse condition of various kinds of diseases in details. It also presents how to compare pulse feeling like comparison between Inyoungmaek(人迎脈, arterial carotid communes, the pulsation of which is easily felt beside Adam's apple) and Ch'onkumaek(寸口脈, the radial artery on the wrist where the pulse is routinely taken for diagnosis), between right and left Ch'onkumaek(寸口脈), between Yangmyungsangdong (陽明常動) and Taeyangbudong(太陽不動), Soyangbudong(少陽不動), etc. In this chapter it explains pulse feeling occupies a high position in the diagnosis of diseases in Huangdi's internal Classic(黃帝內經) period and the technique of pulse feeling is already plentiful and minute. In this chapter it presents Tongbyungyichi(同病異治, to apply different methods of treatment to the same kind of disease) theory, taking tangible syndromes as examples. this is prominent viewpoint of determination of treatment based on the differentiation of symptoms and signs and much influence development of later ages' medicine. On the ground of oriental medical theory, it may bring about different symptoms in the same disease according to stage of disease, the seasons, the regions, the constitution of patient, therefore surely adopt different technique of treatment. this differentiation of symptoms and signs is an important character in oriental medicine.

The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting earth science problem-solving performances of elementary school pre-service teachers. The participants of the study were 81 students attending an elementary school teacher education university. The instruments of the study were paper-and-pencil tests, questionnaires, and interviews. The tests mainly measured the participants' problem solving abilities in the motions of the moon and the planets. Correlation and multiple regression techniques were used for data analysis. The results demonstrated that the pre-service teachers' problem solving abilities were low. Problem-solving performances were affected by the procedural knowledge, the participants' perception of the past earth science performance, self-efficacy, and the prerequisite declarative knowledge. Contrary to our expectation, the spatial visualization ability was not found to be related to the problem-solving performances. Implications of the study are drawn, and suggestions are made for further research.

이 연구의 목적은 예비교사들의 달과 행성 운동의 문제 해결 과정에 대한 연구를 통하여 문제 해결 실패 요인을 파악하고 달과 행성의 운동에 대한 효과적 교수전략을 탐색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구 대상은 초등 예비 교사 40명과 중등 예비 교사 20명이었으며 이들은 지구과학의 천문 분야를 한 학기 수강하였다. 검사도구는 지필 검사와 면담이었다. 연구 결과 예비교사들의 문제 해결 정도는 낮았다. 초등 예비교사들의 문제 해결 정도는 중등 과학 예비교사에 비하여 더 낮았다. 문제 해결 실패 요인을 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1) 선행 지식의 부족 (2) 해결 원리에 의한 문제표상 실패 (3) 배운 지식의 다른 상황(행성)에의 일반화 실패 (4) 일상과 문제 해결 상황의 관점에 대한 변별 부족 (5) 인과적 이해 대신 사실적 지식 암기 학습. 이상의 달과 행성의 운동 문제 해결 실패 요인은 일반적 문제 해결 실패자가 가진 특징과 달과 행성의 운동 과제가 갖는 특징의 결합이라고 해석할 수 있다. 이 연구 결과를 바탕으로 달과 행성의 운동 과제의 특징을 고려하여 문제 해결 능력을 높이기 위한 몇 가지 교수 방안이 제시되었다.

월엄범오위(月掩犯五緯)의 사례에 나타난 전통적인 천문관(天文觀)에 관하여 중학생(164명), 고등학생(157명), 대학생(172명) 및 일반인(139명)의 판단 유형과 판단 이유를 조사, 비교하였다. 연구를 통해 얻은 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째 , 월엄범오위에 대한 전통적인 해석 방식에 동의하는 응답자들이 15.7%, 동의하지 않는 응답자들이 38.1%, 분명히 말할 수 없다는 응답자들이 46.2%이었다. 상대적으로 많은 수의 대학생들이 전통적인 천문관에 동의하지 않는다고 하여 과학적으로 옳은 판단을 내린 반면, 그와 같이 판단한 중학생들의 비율이 가장 적었다. 둘째 , 전통적인 천문관을 판단하는 데에는, 응답자들의 집단이나 판단 유형과는 관계없이, 자연관과 과학관이 공통적으로 중요한 판단 이유가 되었다. 특히, 우리 나라의 전통적인 자연관과 유사한 관념을 지니고 있는 응답자들이 많았으며, 대부분의 응답자들은 다수의 경험적 자료와 실험을 통한 증명을 중요하게 생각하였다. 셋째, 고등학생들과 대학생들이 다른 집단에 비해 자연관이나 과학관과 같은 형이상학적인 믿음을 더욱 중요하게 고려하는 반면, 중학생들과 일반인들은 자신들의 개인적 경험을 상대적으로 보다 중요하게 생각하였다. 넷째, 응답자들의 사회적 경험과 과학 지식 또한 전통적인 천문관을 판단하는 중요한 이유가 되었다. 하지만, 응답자들의 과학 지식의 차이가 판단 과정에 서로 다른 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결론들은 개인의 사고 과정에 영향을 미치는 요인들이 다양하며, 그들이 속한 집단이 공유하고 있는 사고의 방식 또한 서로 다르다는 것을 잘 말해 준다. 따라서, 다문화적인 환경을 고려한 과학 교육과 연구가 필요하다. 또, 학생들의 자연관과 과학관과 같은 형이상학적인 믿음에도 주목할 필요가 있다.

We studied the phrases and the sentences of Dong-Eui Bo Kahm (東醫寶鑑) that were quoted from the So Moon (素問) and the Young Chu (靈樞). Mainly most of quoted sentences were same with original texts. The principal contents of this study can be summarized as follows. First, there are a few cases that the phrases of Dong-Eui Bo Kahm become more distinct and minute than that of the So Moon and the Young Chu. Second, there are many cases that the phrases of Dong-Eui Bo Kahm become briefer than that of the So Moon and the Young Chu. Third. many synonyms and equivalents of the phrases of the So Moon and the Young Chu were used in Dong-Eui Bo Kahm. Forth, there are a few wrong words and incorrect phrases in Dong-Eui Bo Kahm. Fifth, there are many omissed words and added words in Dong-Eui Bo Kahm. But that quoted sentences have same meaning with original sentenses. Sixth, original text book names were recorded in the end of all sentenses of Dong-Eui Bo Kahm, but there were a few wrong text book names.

A study on the Pyo Bon Byung Jeon Ron(標本病傳論) of the So Moon(素問), one of the classic book of oriental medicine, was carried out analytically for the right comments. The principal ideas obtained summarized as follows; There are two important contents in this volume. First, disease shows primary and secondary symptoms, and there is an obey way or disobey way to heal it. Second, disease can transfer to the other part. When people are attacked with a disease, it spreads in principal way in our physical. The main substance that we mentioned are in first and second. Since this volume deals with a primary and secondary symptoms and a transfer disease. We called it Pyo Bon Byung Jeon Ron(標本病傳論).

Yun gi doctrine is on five elements motion and six kinds of natural factors. Nature moves in a cycle. This phenomen on occurs periodically. Therefore everthing rotates including climate and temper. This circulation maintains the balance of nature. Yin and Yang is the two fundamental principles or forces in the universe, ever opposing and complementing each other-an ancient philosophical concept used in traditional Oriental medicine to refer to various antitheses in anatomy, physiology, pathology, diagnosis and tertment, e,g., feminine, interior, cold and hypofunction being Yin while masculine, exterior, heat and hyperfunction are Yang. Wuxing is the five evolutive phases of the five elements. That yin-yang, wuxing express the balance of nature well. This volume contents five chapters. ChapterⅠ deals with the five circuit phases and six atmospheric influences not match yin-yang. ChapterⅡ deals that Wuyun gets possession through the sky. ChapterⅢ deals with the movement's change of sitian, zaitian. ChapterⅣ deals with Liupi's movement and its effect upon human body. ChapterⅤ deals with the rule of yungi's influence.

The contents of Yuk Won Jung Gi Dea Ron(六元正紀大論) are explained on the basis of the so-called theory “he Five Circuit Phases and the Six Atmospheric Influences theory (五運六氣論).” Yuk Won(六元) means six atomspheric influences that are wind, cold, heat, damp, dryness, fire. Jung Gi(正紀) means normalcy of movement. Therefore this volume is so called This volume contents seven chapters. ChaterⅠ takes charge of the year's GiGi(地支) for understanding the five circuit phases and the six atmospheric influences. ChaterⅡ deals with the year of TaiYangHanSue(太陽寒水) that is third atmospheric influences and operating state of Six Atmospheric Influences. ChaterⅢ deals with the year of YangMingZaoJin(陽明燥金) that is third atmospheric influences and operating state of Six Atmospheric Influences. ChaterⅣ deals with the year of ShaoYangXiangHuo(少陽相火) that is third atmospheric influences and operating state of Six Atmospheric Influences. ChaterⅤ deals with the year of TaiYinShiTu(太陰濕土) that is third atmospheric influences and operating state of Six Atmospheric Influences. ChaterⅥ deals with the year of ShaoYinJunHuo(少陰君火) that is third atmospheric influences and operating state of Six Atmospheric Influences. ChaterⅦ deals with the year of JueYinFengMu(厥陰風木) that is third atmospheric influences and operating state of Six Atmospheric Influences.

This fasciale, a remainder of So Moon(素問) with Bon Byung Ron(本病論), is a part of the theory of the Five Circuit Phases and the Six Atmospheric Influences(五運六氣學) that studied and discussed the rules of the weather change in ancient oriental medicine. The change in weather is one of the most important factors which influence man's health therefore the theory is worth while to study further. This fascicle explains the cause of diseases occured by irregular and exceptional change of weather and acupunctural treatment methods to prevent and cure those kinds of disease as its title -Ja Bup Ron(刺法論)-suggests. During Tang Dynasty(唐) when Wang Ping(王氷) commentated the So Moon(素問) only the title of this fascicle was kept but the contents of it was lost differing from Seven volumes of the Five Circuit Phases and the Six Atmospheric Influences(運氣七篇). However in the times of the North Song Dynasty(北宋) when Kao Pao-Heng(高保衡), Lin I(林億) and the other scholars studied and compared medical books this fasciale and another lost fasciale-Bon Byung Ron(本病論) appeared with theirs notes. So these two fascicles called Lost Volumes of So Moon(素問遺篇). But we can infer these two fascicles were written by a certain Taoist during the ninth and tenth century A.D. - the former times of Kao Pao-Heng(高保衡), Lin I(林億) and the other scholars studied and compared medical books during the North Song Dynasty(北宋) since Wang Ping(王氷) because this fascicle connots the Taoism training methods such as Pe Gi(閉氣), Jon Sang Bup(存想法) and Oi Dan Bup(外丹法) and so on. This thesis runs as follows; Chapter 1 deals with acupuncture treatment to prevent and cure Ul(鬱) disease occuerd by Sung Gi Bu Jun(升之不前) of the Six Atmospheric Influence(六氣). Chapter 2 deals with acupuncture treatment to prevent and cure diseases due to Bul Chun Jung(不遷正) and Bul Toi Wui(不退位) of the Six Atmospheric Influence(六氣). Chapter 3 deals with acupuncture treatment of an epidermic(疫癘) due to the deviation of the Five Ciecuit Phases from the regularity(五運失守). Chapter 4 deals with the symptomes of an epidemi and the preventive treatments such as Jon Sang Bup(存想法), Vomitory treatment(吐法), respiratory treatment(汗法) and So Kum Dan Bang(小金丹方). Chapter 5 deals with the interaction among the five viscera and the six bowels as well as the principle of the acupuncture.

This fascicle is named as Si Jong Yong Ron because it puts an emphasis on attitude in diagnosis and is divided into two chapters, chapter 1 dealing with the principle of how to distinguish differences and how to compare similarities in classification, chapter 2 emphasizing an importance in classification alike examplfying similar symptoms of diseases in spleen, stomach, and lung. Accurate diagnosis should be at first done for proper treatment, classification should be accurate for precise diagnosis, and calm and intensive observation to a patient could give rise to precise classification. This fascicle has a great significance in that it supplies a detailed explanation about the principle for precise classifiication.

This study investigated the effects of variations in the kinetic structure on the science knowledge acquisition and analyzed the kinetic structure of a sience classroom communication. According to the rationale of the kinetic structure theory, a communication with high structure would facilitate greater knowledge acquisition than that with low structure. To testify that hypothesis, a modified non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group design was used. Four classes(8th grade), two classes for each sex, were selected. On the topic of 'Moon and Macs', two tape-recorded lessons differing in the kinetic structure were developed. Each lessons played 14 minutes long. One of them was high structure(B￣₁ = 0.48) and the other was low structure(B￣₁ = 0.19). The results showed that the students with high structure lesson achieved greater than those with low structure lesson(F = 7.03, p $lt; .01). But when the results were analyzed by sex, only boy students' achievement showed a significant difference between low and high structure groups(F = 9.54, p $lt;.01). The results of this study suggest that a high structure communication will facilitate the science learning in the case of boy students. On the other hand, an actual classroom communication on the topic of `Moon and planets' was tape-recorded from a middle school science class(9th grade) and lasted 45 minutes long. It was analyzed by Anderson's and Kim's methods of the kinetic structure analysis. The grand mean fundamental coefficient of the whole communication was 0.20, and the grand mean weighted coefficient was 0.84. This communication showed high mean progression density(D￣s= 0.88 with (NAC)￣=1.14). Thus, in general, this verbal communication had low structure and high progression. Therefore, it can be concluded that this classroom communication will give the students some difficulties in their learning.

'Zu Bang Moon', a book of cooking, was written in Korean in the 17th century by Mr. Hwa. Various cooking methods of traditional foods were described in this book. The kinds of cookingfoods were Wine 28, Guksu (noodle) 3, Side dish 23, Seasoning 10, and Dessert 10. The materials used in the cooking foods were cereals, vegetables, fishes, meats, etc. 9 kind of Seasonings used in cooking foods such as salt, and herbs such as black pepper. The cooking methods were different and complicated. The way of heating were also different such as to stew, to boil, to steam, to pan-boil, to frying, etc. Utensils and table wares used for processing and cooking were poor and specific. The measuring units were not accurate and unscientific. Many of special words and expressions which are not used today in cooking and processing were, reviewed.

Irregular mare patches (IMPs), recently discovered on the Moon, are eruptions of magma on the lunar surface, and their origins are still in question. While prior studies on IMPs have mainly focused on optical image analysis, in this study, an analysis of the characteristics of minerals is performed exemplary for the first time. Modified Gaussian model (MGM) deconvolution was applied to the infrared spectrum to confirm the properties of the mafic mineral. Mafic minerals were analyzed for 6 olivine-rich (Ol-rich) IMPs out of 91 currently reported, and only 4 of them yielded results of significance. All four sites showed more abundance of Fe than Mg, and manifested a weak relationship with Mg-suite rock. However, a problem was discovered during the MGM application process due to pilot implementation. In order to solve this problem, it is required to adjust the MGM initial condition settings more precisely and to increase the signal to noise ratio of the observation data. Moreover, it is necessary to analyze the mineral properties for all IMPs considering minerals other than Ol and utilize them to deduce the origin of the IMPs.

In this study, the observational arc-length effect on orbit determination (OD) for the Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO) in the Earth-Moon Transfer phase was investigated. For the OD, we employed a sequential estimation using the extended Kalman filter and a fixed-point smoother. The mission periods, comprised between the perigee maneuvers (PM) and the lunar orbit insertion (LOI) maneuver in a 3.5 phasing loop of the KPLO, was the primary target. The total period was divided into three phases: launch–PM1, PM1–PM3, and PM3–LOI. The Doppler and range data obtained from three tracking stations [included in the deep space network (DSN) and Korea Deep Space Antenna (KDSA)] were utilized for the OD. Six arc-length cases (24 hrs, 48 hrs, 60 hrs, 3 days, 4 days, and 5 days) were considered for the arc-length effect investigation. In order to evaluate the OD accuracy, we analyzed the position uncertainties, the precision of orbit overlaps, and the position differences between true and estimated trajectories. The maximum performance of 3-day OD approach was observed in the case of stable flight dynamics operations and robust navigation capability. This study provides a guideline for the flight dynamics operations of the KPLO in the trans-lunar phase.

This paper analyzes delta-Vs to maintain an extremely low altitude on the Moon and investigates the possibilities of performing a CubeSat mission. To formulate the station-keeping (SK) problem at an extremely low altitude, current work has utilized real-flight performance proven software, the Systems Tool Kit Astrogator by Analytical Graphics Inc. With a high-fidelity force model, properties of SK maneuver delta-Vs to maintain an extremely low altitude are successfully derived with respect to different sets of reference orbits; of different altitudes as well as deadband limits. The effect of the degree and order selection of lunar gravitational harmonics on the overall SK maneuver strategy is also analyzed. Based on the derived SK maneuver delta-V costs, the possibilities of performing a CubeSat mission are analyzed with the expected mission lifetime by applying the current flight-proven miniaturized propulsion system performances. Moreover, the lunar surface coverage as well as the orbital characteristics of a candidate reference orbit are discussed. As a result, it is concluded that an approximately 15-kg class CubeSat could maintain an orbit (30–50 km reference altitude having ±10 km deadband limits) around the Moon for 1–6 months and provide almost full coverage of the lunar surface.

The uneven mass distribution of the Moon highly perturbs the lunar spacecrafts. This uneven mass distribution leads to peculiar dynamical features of the lunar orbiters. The critical inclination is the value of inclination which keeps the deviation of the argument of pericentre from the initial values to be zero. Considerable investigations have been performed for critical inclination when the gravity field is assumed to be symmetric around the equator, namely for oblate gravity field to which Earth’s satellites are most likely to be subjected. But in the case of a lunar orbiter, the gravity field of mass distribution is rather asymmetric, that is, sectorial, and tesseral, harmonic coefficients are big enough so they can’t be neglected. In the present work, the effects of the first sectorial and tesseral harmonic coefficients in addition to the first zonal harmonic coefficients on the critical inclination of a lunar artificial satellite are investigated. The study is carried out using the Hamiltonian framework. The Hamiltonian of the problem is cconstructed and the short periodic terms are eliminated using Delaunay canonical variables. Considering the above perturbations, numerical simulations for a hypothetical lunar orbiter are presented. Finally, this study reveals that the critical inclination is quite different from the critical inclination of traditional sense and/or even has multiple solutions. Consequently, different families of critical inclination are obtained and analyzed.