국내 3단계 매립형 처분시설은 2018년도 한국원자력환경공단의 중^저준위 방폐물관리시행계획에 의하면 주로 원전 해체 현장에서 발생하는 극저준위방폐물을 수용하기 위해 2019년 4월부터 2026년 2월까지 총 104,000드럼(2개 트렌치)을 수용 하기 위해 건설이 계획 중이다(총 2,246억원 투입). 이후 총 5개 트렌치에 260,000드럼이 총 34,076 m2의 면적에 단계적으로 수용되며 따라서 현재 한국원자력환경공단은 관련 인수기준을 마련 중에 있다. 극저준위방폐물 처분시설 인수기준의 경우 프랑스, 스페인 등이 전용 처분시설을 운영하면서 자국의 인수기준을 합리적으로 잘 준용하고 있으나 본 논문에서는 해체방 폐물의 처분에 가장 경험이 많은 미국의 처분시설을 고려하여 국내 매립형 처분시설에 우선적으로 반영되어야 할 사항이 있는지 분석하였고 이를 통하여 경주내 3단계 매립형 처분시설의 인수기준 마련에 도움이 되고자 하였다.

At q = 1.81 ± 0.20 × 10-5, KMT-2018-BLG-0029Lb has the lowest planet-host mass ratio q of any microlensing planet to date by more than a factor of two. Hence, it is the first planet that probes below the apparent "pile-up" at q = 5-10 ×10-5. The event was observed by Spitzer, yielding a microlens-parallax πE measurement. Combined with a measurement of the Einstein radius θE from finite-source effects during the caustic crossings, these measurements imply masses of the host Mhost = 1.14+0.10-0.12 M⊙ and planet Mplanet = 7.59+0.75-0.69 M⊕, system distance DL = 3.38+0.22-0.26 kpc and projected separation a⊥ = 4.27+0.21-0.23 AU. The blended light, which is substantially brighter than the microlensed source, is plausibly due to the lens and could be observed at high resolution immediately.

This study investigated the use of the amplifier very in high school English textbooks and native corpora by comparing its frequency distributions and collocation patterns. The native corpora, used as the reference of the study, were COCA and BNC, with their built-in sub-corpora further grouped into spoken and written corpora. The High School English Textbook Corpus (HSETC) was compiled from a total of 53 high school textbooks, with the spoken corpus (HSETC-S) from the texts in listening and conversation and the written corpus (HSETC-W) from the reading passages. Analyses using AntConc3.4.4 revealed no prominent differences between HSETC and reference corpora in the frequency of the amplifier very, while the written corpus (HSETC-W) had more occurrences contrary to the native corpora. The combination patterns and their occurrences of HSETC were slightly different from those of COCA and BNC with the gap increased with the spoken corpus (HSETC-S). Pedagogical implications and suggestions are made on ELT materials development and teaching practices.

In this paper the authors would like to present and share the measurements of load spectra and their modelling for pavement design purposes in the Mexican road network, which due to the intense level of trade with the United States present a very high percentage of heavy vehicles in the flow of vehicles and with high levels of load. Examples of these measurements are given in the country's main transport corridors. Damage spectra are also presented that are associated to each of the different axle types (i.e., single, dual, tandem, tridem or another one) by computing for instance the Miner damage coefficient in the same load ranges used in the definition of the load spectra. Is this frequency distribution of the Miner damage coefficient that is called damage spectra. The damage spectra seem to be a very useful tool to evaluate the pavement expected damage, i.e., rutting or fatigue cracking, induced for a given axle type. Moreover, it can be showed that there is a direct relationship between the forms in load and damage spectra. Some examples are presented to illustrate the damage spectra computations. The incorporation of these load spectra into mechanistic design methodologies and their implications in the definition of public policies for the preservation of the road network are discussed.

In this thesis, it was considered that in durability characteristics of concrete pavements evaluation of strength characteristics as well as abrasion resistance is important as the domestic concrete pavements couldn't fulfill the public needs and cases of damage are increasing. In order to solve such problems, it is intended to compare the abrasion resistance in accordance with the mixing rate of admixtures (silica fume and polymer powder) which are incorporated in the upper layer of two-lift concrete pavement and find the optimum mixing rate for abrasion resistance by focusing on the high performance of concrete pavements through two-lift concrete pavements which use cellular sprayed concrete construction method. Both test results, which were performed based on ASTM C 779 B (dressing wheel abrasion test method) and ASTM C 944 (rotary cutter method) standards in accordance with silica fume and polymer powder mixing rate that was incorporated in the upper layer of two-lift concrete pavement, proofed that the abrasion resistance increased as the mixing rate of silica fume and polymer powder increased. However, it was also confirmed that if the mixing rate of admixtures is excessively increased it will not have an effect and it will rather decrease the abrasion resistance.

PURPOSES : This purpose of this study is to analyze the effect to autogenous shrinkage of the top-layer material of a two-lift concrete pavement mixing both silica fume and polymer powder. METHODS: The bottom-layer of a two-lift concrete pavement was paved with original portland cement (OPC) with a 20~23 cm thickness. Additionally, the top-layer which is directly exposed to the environment and vehicles was paved with a high-performance concrete (HPC) with a 7~10 cm thickness. These types of pavements can achieve a long service life by reducing joint damage and increasing the abrasion and scaling resistance. In order to integrate the different bottom and top layer materials, autogenous shrinkage tests were performed in this study according to the mixing ratio of silica fume and polymer powder, which are the admixture of the top-layer material. RESULTS: Autogenous shrinkage decreased when polymer powder was used in the mix. Contrary to this, autogenous shrinkage tended to rise with increasing silica fume content. However, the effects were not significant when small amounts of polymer powder were used (3% and 11%). CONCLUSIONS : The durability and compressive strength increase when silica fume is used in the mix. The flexural strength considerably increases and autogenous shrinkage of concrete decreases when polymer powder is used in the mix. As seen from above, the proper use of these materials improves not only durability, but also autogenous shrinkage, leading to better shrinkage crack control in the concrete.

최근의 초대형 컨테이너선들은 점차 거대화되고 있으며, 흘수의 증가로 인한 연안해역 및 항만 등과 같은 저수심 수역에서의 안전항해에 많은 주의가 필요하다. 이러한 저수심 해역을 항행하는 초대형 컨테이너선은 정수중 뿐만 아니라 파랑중에서의 선박 운동 특 성을 파악하여야 할 필요가 있다. 저수심 해역에서는 특히 선박의 상하운동에 의한 스쿼트 현상이 안전 항해의 중요한 평가 요소가 될 수 있으며, 수평방향으로 작용하는 파표류력은 선박의 조종성능에 미치는 영향이 매우 크다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 저수심 해역을 항 행하는 초대형 컨테이너선을 대상으로 선박에 수직방향으로 작용하는 파랑강제력과 수평방향으로 작용하는 파표류력에 대하여 전산유체 역학에 의한 수치시뮬레이션을 실시하였다. 그 결과 천수역에서 정수중 전저항 값이 큰 폭으로 증가하고 있는 것을 알 수 있었다. 파랑중 단파장 영역보다는 장파장 영역이 될수록 수심과 관계없이 파표류력은 작아지고 있는 모습을 보여주고 있다. 또한 파랑강제력은 천수역 에서 다른 수심의 유체력 값에 비해 상당히 크게 작용하고 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 선체중앙 부분의 파고는 낮아지고 선미쪽 파고는 더욱 높아지는 현상을 파악할 수 있었다.

Introduction An individual’s Persuasion Knowledge is his or her knowledge of the persuasive nature of messages (Freisted and Wright 1994). Most adults are assumed to have this knowledge that enables them to be sceptical of persuasive messages, and to incorporate this information in their decision-making about promoted products. Children are viewed as vulnerable to persuasive messages (Nelson 2016) because they have not developed the appropriate knowledge base to be sceptical of messages (Mallinckrodt and Mizerski 2007) and thus unable to discount the claims made by marketers. This lack of ability to be sceptical is argued to lead to “…the vulnerability of young audiences to the negative effects of advertising” (Nelson 2016, p. 169) like obesity, materialism, poor quality of life and higher rates of mortality. Because of the wide acceptance that young children are particularly vulnerable to persuasive messages, advertising targeting children has been banned in several countries and proposed for others (Mizerski et al. 2016; Wang 2016). Many studies about Persuasion Knowledge or Advertising Knowledge (communication research) have been published over the 40 plus years since Ward (1972) first discussed the concept. However, few studies have tested whether Persuasion Knowledge is an antecedent to children’s sceptical responses to persuasive messages. The 11 studies that have tested the link (see Mizerski et al. (2016) for a review) used a wide variety of single item or reflective measures (measures that reflect the construct). They provide inconsistent findings except that the child’s age is positively associated with acquiring knowledge about persuasive messages like advertising or playing advergames. For example, while most researchers assumed or argued a positive link between young children’s persuasion knowledge and their scepticism, Buijzen (2007) and Christenson (1982) failed to find this link. Robertson and Rossiter (1974) reported children’s understanding of persuasive intent (commercials persuade one to buy things) was positively related with young children’s scepticism, but assistive intent (commercials tell one about things) was negatively related. The inconsistent findings of children’s responses to commercial messages may be due to more than the lack of consistent measures. The use of reflective rather than formative measure of young children’s persuasion knowledge may be another reason for inconsistent findings. “Young” children are those under eight years old (Mizerski 1) shashaatperth@gmail.com et al. 2016), but a lack of sufficient persuasion knowledge has been found with children over 16 years old (Carter et al. 2011). Most recent studies have adopted the Freisted and Wright (1994) Persuasion Knowledge Model that is based on the information processing of an adult buyer. Adults tend to have obtained Persuasion Knowledge so their knowledge may be captured with measures that reflect the construct. Young children are in the process of obtaining Persuasion Knowledge. The ability to understand the source of the message and the persuasive intent of the source are often cited as antecedents to having Persuasion Knowledge. These constructs form over time and cause persuasion knowledge (Nelson 2016). Therefore, it should be a formative measure. Measuring social class is a classical formative measure because causal elements like where you live and your profession can’t be accurately calculated for children. Social class forms over time. The use of a reflective measure when a formative measure should be used leads to several problems (Diamantopoulos and Siguaw 2006; Diamantopoulos and Winklhofer 2001), particularly an increase in Type II errors-“false negatives” (MacKenzie, Podsakoff and Jarvis 2005). For example, this means ruling out a causal element of persuasion knowledge when it is causal. This paper will compare existing single item or multi-item reflective measures used with young children, with a formative measure of the Persuasive Knowledge construct. The best way to validate a construct is to test it with external variables empirically and theoretically linked to the construct, including both antecedents and consequences (Diamantopoulos and Winklhofer 2001). Three variables, theoretically and/or empirically linked with young children’s Persuasion Knowledge, are tested in a baseline model to assess the external validity of the construct. These variables are age (Ward 1972), responses toward persuasive marketing messages (such as scepticism) and affect toward the persuasive messages (Mizerski et al. 2016; Wang 2016). Therefore, it is expected that the goodness-of-fit measures for the model using the formative measure of young children’s Persuasion Knowledge will provide a better fit to the data than the reflective measures. To further test the formative nature of young children’s Persuasion Knowledge, two additional models are tested. Researchers are responsible to set the weights of indicators of a formative construct, so a formative model with expert knowledge weights is developed (Figure 1). The indicators or elements of a formative construct should be able to reveal different facets so another model with different facets is developed. Consistent findings of the two models and the proposed baseline model will further support the formative nature of this construct. Apart from content validity and external validity, we also test the measures of the construct with another data set (Mallinckrodt and Mizerski 2007) to test the models’ generalisability. The Mallinckrodt and Mizerski study used children from a different cultural background (Australian vs. Chinese young children), but have similar ages and measures of Persuasion Knowledge and external variables. Further confirmation of the structure of the measurement model is provided if the same relationships are found with the second data set. Methodology Sample The population to be sampled are young Chinese children. China was selected because it has the largest population of young children, is the largest market for toys and a children’s toy is the stimulus product in the experimental study. The sample frame is day care schools in a Northern Chinese city of approximately eight million people. Procedure This is an experiment-based study with a control group. After individual exposure to a toy TV advertisement for a “magic ruler” that can be made into many different shapes with a Dinosaur shape shown in the ad, participants were each asked to answer questions. Cartoon pictures of the question options accompanied by verbal statements were used to reduce the possibility of misunderstanding young children’s responses on Persuasion Knowledge related questions. To reduce any effects of young children choosing the first option they see, pictures or options were shown in a random order. Children were told that there is no right or wrong answer, and they could withdraw at any point. Measures Persuasion knowledge was measured three ways; including a single-item measure, a summated-items measure, and a formative measure. Through an analysis and coding of 20 studies that tested the effect of young children’s persuasion knowledge (Mizerski et al. 2016), six items were found to measure the Persuasion Knowledge construct. The single-item measure used is the children’s understanding of the advertisers’ intention to make them ask their parents to buy (parent-buying intent). This was treated as the most important aspect of persuasion knowledge by several researchers (Carter et al. 2011; Mallinckrodt and Mizerski 2007). A summated-items measure included six items, frequently used in prior scholarly work. The formative measurement model was built using the same six items but by changing the direction of influence, with the causal flow from measures to the construct. Other variables include the children’s scepticism, their belief of false claims made in the ad and affect toward the toy TV advertisement (see Figure). After a CFA analysis with five questions, the scepticism factor score was derived as a standardised measure that followed a normal distribution. Scepticism ranged from -0.59 to 1.35, with an average of 0.07 and SD of 0.68. Belief of false claims (named as “false beliefs”) shown in the TV advertisement indicated that most children did not believe the two false claims included in the ad (84% and 69% respectively). Affect towards the toy TV ad was measured using one question: “Do you like this video?” to which most children (88%) indicated yes. Results, Discussion And Implication Fifty-four different patterns or combinations of the six persuasion knowledge items were found. This pattern show substantial heterogeneity in children’s Persuasion Knowledge, and further illustrates that young children are accumulating or forming their Persuasion Knowledge (Friestad and Wright 1994). In addition, these items have low correlations to one another that are typical of a formative measure. These findings of variability of knowledge levels and weak association between them indicate the potential multiple-dimension, formative nature of the construct of persuasion knowledge for young children. This may apply specifically to young children who are at the stage of increasing their learning abilities and developing or forming their knowledge. No relationship was found in the structural models using the reflective single-item measure and summated-items measure of persuasion knowledge, and the models showed a poor fit. However, relationships were found in the structural model that applied the formative measure of persuasion knowledge, with good model fit (see Table 1). Because a formative measure is supported, we tested the formative nature of Persuasion Knowledge on a previous study’s data (Mallinckrodt and Mizerski 2007). A formative model using that study’s data showed the same relationships between Persuasion Knowledge and its external variables. This consistency supports a formative measure of young children’s persuasion knowledge. Any review of future or past research should note the possible impact of using reflective measures of young children’s Persuasive Knowledge. To generalise the findings more research needs to be done for different product categories and age groups. More product categories, such as food and movies, and age groups could be taken into consideration. While few studies have tested the association of young children’s Persuasion Knowledge to scepticism toward the message, even fewer have tested the link of scepticism to young children’s responses to the advertised product (e.g. like, prefer, choose). Most of these studies do not find a link. If having Persuasion Knowledge doesn’t influence a young child’s desire for the brand, why teach it (e.g. Nelson 2016) or ban advertising because the children don’t have Persuasion Knowledge? Perhaps using a formative measure the link will be found.

경주에 저준위 및 극저준위 방사성폐기물을 영구적으로 처분하기 위한 2단계 처분시설이 표층처분시설로 건설된다. 처분시 설은 폐쇄 후 제도적 관리기간 동안에는 일반인의 부주의한 침입을 제한하지만, 제도적 관리기간 이후에는 일반인에 대한 접근이 제한되지 않는다. 이에 따라 거주 및 자원 탐사 등을 목적으로 한 인간침입 행위가 발생될 수 있으며, 이 경우 침입자 에 대한 방사선 영향은 일반인에 대한 선량한도로 제한되어야 한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 부지 특성을 반영하여 시추 및 시 추 후 거주시나리오를 설정하고 종류 및 준위별 발생량을 고려하여 선정된 처분고내 폐기물에 대하여 평가하였다. 첫째, 시 추 및 시추 후 거주시나리오의 평가결과가 모두 규제 제한치를 만족하였다. 둘째, 평가결과 시추 후 거주시나리오가 시추시 나리오에 비해 중요한 시나리오임을 알 수 있었다. 셋째, 폐쇄 후 인간침입 시점과 침입자의 행위에 따라 침입자가 지배적으 로 영향 받는 핵종이 다름을 알 수 있었다. 넷째, 인간행위와 관련된 입력 자료의 민감도 분석결과 모두 규제 제한치를 만족 하였다. 특히 민감도 분석결과, 토양재분배인자에 피폭선량이 가장 민감하게 변동됨을 알 수 있었다. 다섯째, 인간침입평가 측면에서 폐기물의 바람직한 정치방안을 살펴본 결과, 폐필터 폐기물은 가능한 폐수지 및 농축폐액 폐기물보다 잡고체 폐기 물과 정치하며 폐필터 폐기물 비율을 낮추는 것이 개인최대 피폭선량을 줄이고 선량한도 대비 안전여유도를 높이기 위해서 바람직함을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 연구결과는 처분시설의 개발 시 인간침입을 고려한 표층처분시설의 강건성과 심층방어를 위한 Safety Case 구축을 위하여 활용하고자 한다.

본 연구에서는 국내 여수항만에 길이 500미터, 폭 200미터, 두께 2미터인 폰툰형 VLFS타입의 해상부두를 제안하였다. 이 구조물은 해상에서 오랫동안 파랑하중을 견뎌야하므로 파랑응답해석이 필수적이다. 유체-구조부 해석에는 직접법을 사용하였고, 연성운동방정식을 수치해석하여 응답 결과를 구하였다. 구조부는 유한요소법을 이용하여 계산하였으며, 유체부는 경계요소법을 사용하여 분석하였다. 탄성변형과 강체운동으로 인한 동적응답을 수치적으로 분석하였으며, 파장, 수심, 파향, 구조물의 강성 요소를 고려하여 규칙파에 대한 응답을 해석하였다. 연구의 결과, L/λ 1.5를 기준으로 응답이 변화하였고, 입사파의 방향에 따라 비틀림 현상이 나타났다. L/λ=8.0의 경우 수심이 증가할수록 입사측에서의 응답이 증가하는 경향이 나타났고, 강성의 변화에 따라 수직변위진폭의 피크점이 좌우로 이동하였다.