This study focused on using indirect filtration through riverbeds to produce high-quality drinking water. Data on water quality from a water intake facility(capacity 10,000 m3/day) and nearby rivers were collected over a three-year period. The average intake facility specifications were found to be a specific surface area of 58 balls/m2, a mean particle size of 24 mm, an inflow velocity of 2.2 cm/sec, and a burial depth of 5 m. The water quality improvement rate was assessed as grade Ia, surpassing the adjacent river’s water quality. Correlation analysis showed a weak correlation between opening ratio, Suspended Solid (SS), and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) compared to total coliforms and fecal coliforms. The correlation coefficient R value of SS was -0.614, BOD was –0.588, total coliforms -0.870, and fecal coliforms -0.958. The R value shows a negative value, which showed that the larger the opening rate, the lower the removal rate of water pollutants. The correlation coefficient R values according to the depth of burial were found to be BOD 0.914, SS-0.124, total coliforms 1.000, and fecal coliforms 0.866. The deeper the burial depth, the higher the removal rate of BOD and microbial groups.

In this study, sustainable utilization plans were proposed by reviewing the current status and problems of water infrastructure, focusing on water supply and sewage system in Chungcheongnam-do. Due to the regional characteristics of the rural areas in Chungcheongnam-do which has a very low urbanization rate, there is a difference in the level of water welfare services between local governments. Compared to other governments, there are relatively many small water facilities, resulting in a service imbalance in terms of tap water safety. In addition, Chungcheongnam-do has a structure that is very vulnerable to water security to cope with climate change and drought due to its high dependence on wide-area water supply. Therefore, it should be considered in consideration of population reduction and local extinction due to low birth rate and aging population. Rural areas should clearly establish marginal areas for the supply of water and sewage, and implement regional customized water and sewage projects in consideration of local extinction. Water supply projects should be implemented in a distributed water supply method using various water sources. In order to respond to climate change and establish water security, a distributed water supply system should be established through a multi-source water loop system using various water sources. Sewage projects should be establish public sewage treatment facilities in consideration of the priorities of each local government, focusing on local governments with low sewage treatment population rates. In consideration of regional characteristics, it is necessary to consider the installation of private sewage treatment facilities or nature-friendly treatment facilities such as soil infiltration and artificial wetlands. An integrated management system using Internet of Things(IOT) or Information and Communications Technology(ICT) should be established and operated to improve the operation and management efficiency of small-scale water supply and sewage facilities.

Japan’s government has announced plan to release the contaminated water stored from the tanks of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant site into the sea in June. The contaminated water is treated by SARRY (Cesium removal facility) and ALPS (advanced liquid processing system) to remove 62 radionuclide containing Cesium, Strontium, Iodine, and so on using filtration, precipitation (or coprecipitation) and adsorption for other nuclides (except for H-3 and C-14). The total amount of the contaminated water stored at tanks is 1,328,508 m3 (as of March 23, 2023). Currently, three ALPS systems which are existing ALPS, improved ALPS, high performance ALPS have been operated to meet the regulatory standard for release to the sea. According to the release plan, they have announced that 30 nuclides and H-3 concentration of the contaminated water will be measured and assessed before/after the discharge of the contaminated water into the sea. Before the release, the contaminated water is re-treated by reverse osmosis membrane facility and additional ALPS. And then, the water will be diluted with seawater more than 100 times. The diluted water will then move through an undersea tunnel and be released about 1 kilometer off the coast.

Mangyeong River and Dongjin River are highly dependent on external regions for domestic and agricultural water, and the agricultural water supply and use system of those rivers are very complicated. For smooth water supply, rivers are used as a supply system. Of the total river water use permits (as of 2019), agricultural water accounts for 97.5%, 80.4% in Mangyeong River and Dongjin River, respectively. The excessive intake of river water as agricultural purpose is causing the stream to dry out and to deteriorate the ecological health of the river. It is necessary to minimize the water use system that takes in and utilizes river water. In both rivers, the flow rate of agricultural drainage and the load of major water quality items that flowing into the main stream are similar to or higher than those of the major tributaries, indicating that management is necessary to improve the water quality of the river. It is necessary to understand the effect of agricultural drainage on river water quality by establishing a continuous monitoring system for the form of agricultural drainage.

Recently, Japan’s government has announced Tokyo Electric Power Company’s plan to discharge contaminated water stored from the tanks of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant site into the sea. The contaminated water is treated by advanced liquid processing system (ALPS) to remove 62 radionuclide containing cesium, strontium, iodine and etc. using co-precipitation (or precipitation) and adsorption for other nuclides (except for tritium and carbon-14). The total amount of the contaminated water generated by ALPS facility is 1,311,736 m3 (as of August 18, 2022). The amount of contaminated water is estimated same as Tokyo dome volume. Under the sea discharge plan, the contaminated water will be diluted in seawater more than 100 times, and tritium concentration lowered 1/7 of the drinking water standard set by the World Health Organization (10,000 Bq/liters). The diluted water will then move through an undersea tunnel and be discharged about 1 kilometer off the coast.

Understanding the characteristics of reservoir water quality is fundamental in reservoir ecosystem management. The water quality of reservoirs is affected by various factors including hydro-morphology of reservoirs, land use/cover, and human activities in their catchments. In this study, we classified 83 major reservoirs in South Korea based on nine physicochemical factors (pH, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solid, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total organic carbon, electric conductivity, and chlorophyll-a) measured for five years (2015~2019). Study reservoirs were classified into five main clusters through hierarchical cluster analysis. Each cluster reflected differences in the water quality of reservoirs as well as hydromorphological variables such as elevation, catchment area, full water level, and full storage. In particular, water quality condition was low at a low elevation with large reservoirs representing cluster I. In the comparison of eutrophication status in major reservoirs in South Korea using the Korean trophic state index, in some reservoirs including cluster IV composed of lagoons, the eutrophication was improved compared to 2004~2008. However, eutrophication status has been more impaired in most agricultural reservoirs in clusters I, III, and V than past. Therefore, more attention is needed to improve the water quality of these reservoirs.

This paper investigates the current status of Jeju special self-governing province (JSSGP)’s water infrastructure and recommends directions for improvement. JSSGP relies on groundwater for most of its water resources. Recently, water usage has been steadily increasing due to the increase of residents and tourists while the quality of groundwater has been steadily worsening. Deterioration in water quality of groundwater can be seen through the increase in concentration of nitrate nitrogen and microorganisms. To overcome such problems, water consumption must be reduced by water demand management in all fields including residential and agricultural water use. The quality of water resources should be preserved through the management of pollutants. For efficient management of water resources, great efforts should be made to reduce the leakage rates in household and agricultural water, which is currently at the highest level in the country. Furthermore, diversification of water intake sources other than groundwater is needed, especially for agricultural water supply. For water and sewerage facilities, compliance with drinking water quality standards and discharge water quality standards must be achieved through the optimization of operation management. This process requires recruiting professionals, improving existing workers' expertise, and improving facilities.

This study was conducted to investigate the intake status of beverages and water in Korean adults using data from the 8th National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The ‘total water’ intake was 2,250.6 g for men and 1,871.2 g for women. Men and women consumed an average of 314.9 g of ‘total beverages’, of which ‘coffee’ was the largest at 107.5 g, followed by ‘others’(65.4 g), ‘milk’ (44.8 g), ‘soda’ (44.1 g), ‘teas’ (20.9 g), and ‘fruits and vegetables’ (18.5 g). The intake of ’plain water’ was 1,059.9 g, and the intake of ’water from food’ consumed was 547.3 g. The ‘total water’ intake decreased with increasing age in males and females (p<0.001). Both men and women showed a tendency toward increased ‘total water’ intake as income levels increased. ‘Plain water’ intake accounted for 51.4% of the ‘total water’ intake in males and females. The intake of all nutrients significantly increased from the Q1 group to the Q4 group by quartile ranges of total water intake. The results of this study showed that the intake of healthy water should be considered, and care and educational programs are needed, especially for older people, to ensure adequate water intake.

Identifying the water circulation status is one of the indispensable processes for watershed management in an urban area. Recently, various water circulation models have been developed to simulate the water circulation, but it takes a lot of time and cost to make a water circulation model that could adapt the characteristics of the watershed. This paper aims to develop a water circulation state estimation model that could easily calculate the status of water circulation in an urban watershed by using multiple linear regression analysis. The study watershed is a watershed in Seoul that applied the impermeable area ratio in 1962 and 2000. And, It was divided into 73 watersheds in order to consider changes in water circulation status according to the urban characteristic factors. The input data of the SHER(Similar Hydrologic Element Response) model, a water circulation model, were used as data for the urban characteristic factors of each watershed. A total of seven factors were considered as urban characteristic factors. Those factors included annual precipitation, watershed area, average land-surface slope, impervious surface ratio, coefficient of saturated permeability, hydraulic gradient of groundwater surface, and length of contact line with downstream block. With significance probabilities (or p-values) of 0.05 and below, all five models showed significant results in estimating the water circulation status such as the surface runoff rate and the evapotranspiration rate. The model that was applied all seven urban characteristics factors, can calculate the most similar results such as the existing water circulation model. The water circulation estimation model developed in this study is not only useful to simply estimate the water circulation status of ungauged watersheds but can also provide data for parameter calibration and validation.

The results of the survey on water utilization status, the wasted water factor, the awareness, and the education and promotional activities of water saving in Daejeon City are as follows: The percentage of using tap valve with a closure was 66% when showering. 74% of water was used with closing the tap valve when washing faces with no water needed, it was still considered that there existed a wasting water. The most wasting reasons of water were found to be shower, bath, and laundry in order. In the awareness of practicing tap water saving, 9.1% of respondents acted actively, 53.4% of them were trying to practice it, and more than 63% had a positive awareness. In the contents of practicing saving water, locking water when soaping while showering, non-laundry of small quantity, and using cups when brushing teeth were top priorities. About 50% of the reasons for saving water was to practice purely saving water, when saving for economic help was excluded. The level of water saving awareness was not high when considering that the ratio of usage without water saving equipment and installation, and using method was relatively high when moving in. In order to make usage of water saving equipment more common, it was deemed necessary to provide information on the purchase of water saving equipment and to promote and educate the efficiency of saving of related products. More than about 90% of the respondents responded that water saving education or promotional activities had an effect of improving water saving awareness. The most effective method of education and promotional activities was found to be 40.4% by mass media activities, and 21.7% by promotions through mobile devices.

본 연구에서는 금강수계에 속하는 하천 중 가장 큰 하천인 논산천을 대상으로 해당 수계 수질의 이화학적 자료에 담수어류를 지표로 제시하여 2009년도 논산천의 수질현황과 수생태계 건강성을 조사·분석하였다. 논산천은 금강과 합류되는 지점 부근에 도시화가 집중되어 있고, 전 지역에 걸쳐 축산농가가 산재되어 있으며, 소하천을 따라 농경지가 분포되어 있는 등, 수질악화 및 생태계 건강성이 우려되나, 아직까지 정확한 실태 파악되지 않고있다. 논산천은 전반적으로 이화학적 수질이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 특히 금강 본류와 합류되기 전 부근에 수문이 설치되어 있어, 이 일대의 지점에서는 도시화가 덜 된 지점들에 비해 TP, PO₄-P, Chl-a 등의 수치가 더욱 증가한다. 어류 상에서 민감종은 전체 채집된 어류 개체수에 비해 3.7%에 그치며, 내성종은 54.7%에 이르고, 외래종(떡붕어, 배스)은 1.4%의 출현을 보였다. 생태건강도지수(IBI) 결과는 40점 만점 중 18점으로 ‘보통상태’라는 결과가 도출되었다. 4대강 중 금강의 수질개선을 위해 지속적인 관리와 모니터링이 필요한 실정이다.

Currently, satellite images act as essential and important data in water resources, environment, and ecology as well as information of geographic information system. In this paper, we will investigate basic characteristics of satellite images, especially application examples in water resources. In recent years, researches on spatial and temporal characteristics of large-scale regions utilizing the advantages of satellite imagery have been actively conducted for fundamental hydrological components such as evapotranspiration, soil moisture and natural disasters such as drought, flood, and heavy snow. Furthermore, it is possible to analyze temporal and spatial characteristics such as vegetation characteristics, plant production, net primary production, turbidity of water bodies, chlorophyll concentration, and water quality by using various image information utilizing various sensor information of satellites. Korea is planning to launch a satellite for water resources and environment in the near future, so various researches are expected to be activated on this field.

국내 물산업의 경우 하수분야에서 점진적으로 상수분야로 전환되고 있으며, 그 일환으로 유수율제고를 통한 맑은물 공급을 목적으로 노후정수장 개량과 상수관망 정비사업에 필요한 「지방상수도의 노후도 실태평가 및 정비사업 타당성조사」를 수행중에 있다. 그중 환경부는 2008년부터 정수처리시설의 투자확대를 목적으로 20년 이상 노후화된 정수장의 Retrofitting이나, 기존 정수장 고도처리도입시 막여과공정 우선적으로 도입하는 계획을 수립하고 예산지원 등을 통하여 보급확대에 노력하고 있으나 시장의 활성화가 이루어지지 않고 있다. 따라서 국내 막여과 수처리사업의 정책방향과 사업추진현황 분석을 통하여 시장활성화를 위한 방안을 제시하고자 한다.