This study was conducted to investigate if the supplement formula may improve alcohol metabolism in healthy adult men.In a double-blinded, randomized, crossover study, subjects were administrated yeast extract mixtures (YEM, n=15), Hovenia dulcis mixtures (HDM, n=15), placebo (PLA, n=15), and control (CON, n=15) in an oral dose followed by one week washout periods. At each visit (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 week), subjects drank 450 mL, 20.1 percent alcohol after administered mixtures. Blood was drawn periodically (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 15 hours). Fifteen subjects completed the protocol and were included in the analysis. Plasma ethanol concentration was lower in YEM (10 percent) and the HDM (5 percent) groups. The area under the curves (AUC) and Cmax for plasma ethanol were significantly decreased only in the YEM group, when compared with the CON group. The AUC and Cmax for plasma acetaldehyde concentration were significantly decreased in the YEM (45 and 54 percent) and the HDM (35 and 53 percent) groups respectively, when compared with PLA (p<0.01). Together, these findings validate that YEM or HDM improved alcohol metabolism and hangover syndromes, leading to reduce alcohol concentration and acetaldehyde concentration without adverse effects.

Drawing on data collected through archival research, semi-structured interviews, and site observation, this study examines the conditions underlying the emergence of craft beer culture in Finland. In doing so, the study seeks to shed light on phenomena underpinning the emergence of global consumer culture in unfavorable environments. A hermeneutic analysis reveals three themes that contribute to the emergence of craft beer culture in Finland: craft brewers as Davids vs. Goliath, craft beer consumption as consumers’ identity work, and bartenders and brewers as cultural intermediaries. On a broad level, the study contributes to literature examining the impact of globalization on consumer behavior by illustrating how global consumer culture presents local consumers a means to resist dominant local cultural and market structures. The study also extends research on consumer acculturation to global consumer culture by highlighting the importance of cultural intermediaries in the acculturation process. Implications of the study include the finding that consumer resistance towards local hegemonic consumptionscapes presents an entry point for global consumer culture, allowing international marketers to tap into local consumers’ desire to defy and resist local cultural and market structures deemed as restrictive or oppressive. The study also argues that international marketers are wise to consider the influence of cultural intermediaries in introducing and disseminating new consumption practices, especially in the case of products at the forefront of new global consumption trends.

This study encouraging the consumption of rice. The Tarakjuk in which red yeast rice was added showed the highest water content 78.31%. The viscosity of RRT20, which had the largest amount of red yeast rice, was the lowest for 4,125.50, and pH was the highest in RRT0 The sugar content of Tarakjuk with red yeast rice was the highest in RRT0 for. lightness (L) was lowest in RRT20 which had the largest amount of red yeast rice for, and its red and yellow lighteners were also the highest for respectively. storage at 4℃, no microorganism found for 0 to 1 day of storage but found in every group. The group showed the smallest of microorganism for 2.9×102 CFU/mL. On the 7 day, microorganism also found 40% added showed the smallest of microorganism for 3.1×104 CFU/mL. The color of the 20% added group, 6.74, was higher than that of the control group, 4.87, but the difference was not significant. The flavor was the in the 30% added group for 5.90, and taste was the in the 20% added group for 6.01 The control group showed the lowest preference for 4.91. The after taste was the in the 30% added group for 5.48. The viscosity of the 40% added group was higher for 5.39 than that of the control group for 5.06, no significant difference. The overall preference was rated highly, and the 20% added group showed the highest preference for 5.57.

본 연구는 유채 꽃가루 분말의영양성분 분석과 파쇄한 꽃가루 분말을 이용하여 효모 배양용 액체배지와 고체배지를 제조하여 효모 배양효율을 분석하였다. 유채 꽃가루 분말(100 g)은 탄수화물 58.9 g, 단백질 20.8 g, 지방 4.1 g, 회분 2.5 g 및 수분 13.7 g으로 구성되었다. 당질 중에서는 Fructose(13.7 g), Glucose(11.1 g)와 Sucrose(6.6 g), 미네랄 중에서는 K(606.7 mg)와 P(603.3 mg) 함 향이 높았다. 유리 아미노산은 Glutamic acid(2,482.4 mg), Aspartic acid(2,136.5 mg), Lysine(1,648.3 mg), 및 Leucine(1,631.1 mg) 순으로 많았다. 유채 꽃가루분말을 단독 또는 NaCl을 첨가하여 액체배지 및 고체배지 제조하고 효모를 배양한 결 과, 꽃가루 분말이 15 g/L 이상 함유된 액체배지는 효모 배양 후 건물중이 YPD 배지(대조구)에 비해 많았고, 꽃가루 분말의 농도 의존적으로 효모 건물중이 증가하였다. 또한 액체배지에 NaCl을 1~20 g/L 추가 시 배양된 효모의 건물중이 한층 더 증가하였다. 유채 꽃가루로 제조한 고체배지를 이용하여 효모 를 배양(48시간)한 결과, 콜로니(colonies) YPD 배지와 유사하게 잘 자랐다.

Investigation of the quality characteristics of Takju brewing mashes prepared with several different yeasts was carried out during the 42-day brewing process, including examination of titratable acidity, amino acid content, sugar contents, alcohol contents, pH, reducing sugar, yeast population, lactic acid bacteria, and sensory evaluation. Fermivin yielded the highest titratable acidity, while la parisienne had the lowest. Fermivin also had the highest value of amino acid content (14.33%), while other yeasts shows period tended to increase over exclude Instaferm and Song chun. The amount of sugars in instaferm (11.33˚Bx) and instaferm red (10.53˚Bx) were higher than those in La parisienne red and Song chun (9.57˚Bx). The alcohol contents of instaferm was the highest value (15.20%) while the alchol content of the other yeasts tended to increase the fementation period. Fermivin had the highest pH at 12th day among the yeasts(4.02), Instaferm red had the lowest pH among the yeasts (3.87) while safbrew wb-06 had the highest reducing sugar content(117.60 mg/mL). Instaferm obtained the highest preference in the sensory evaluation for all items.

본 시험은 효소제 및 효모추출물 급여가 사양성적, in vitro 반추위 발효 및 혈액성상에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 23개월령의 한우 거세우 48두를 공시하여 사료용 첨가제로 농후사료의 0.1% 수준으로 급여하여 출하시까지 대조구(무첨가), 처리구 1(효소제), 처리구 2(효모추출물), 처리구 3(효소제+효모추출물)으로 구분하여 급여하였다. 사양성적에서는 급여 4개월과 8개월의 일당증체량과 사료요구율이 처리구 1에서 가장 향상되었고 (p<0.05), 대조구에서 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 도축성적에서는 육량지수를 포함하여 처리구 1>처리구 3>처리구 2>대조구 순으로 나타났다. in vitro 배양액에 따른 처리구별 pH는 대조구>처리구 2>처리구 3>처리구 1 순으로 유의적(p<0.05)인 차이를 나타냈고, VFA와 사료소화율은 처리구 1과 3에서 높았고 (p<0.05), 대조구에서는 낮았다(p<0.05). 혈액성상에서는 면역 첨가제 급여군인 처리구 2와 3에서 급여기간에 따른 백혈구 수치가 유의적(p<0.05)으로 감소하였는데, 이는 면역글로블린 G의 유의적(p<0.05)인증가에 따라서 상대적으로 나타난 것으로 판단된다. 결과적으로, 한우 비육후기 거세우의 사료첨가제 급여 시험에서 처리구 1은 급여 4개월부터 대조구 대비 사양성적 및 도체성적을 향상시켰고, 처리구 2는 급여 2개월부터 면역에 관련된 면역글로블린 G의 혈액성상을 개선시키는 것으로 분석되었다.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an important component of innate defense mechanisms with broad-spectrum activities against various pathogenic microorganisms, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Antibiotic resistance has become a pervasive and global health burden, resulting in the immediate need to develop a new class of antibiotic substances. We screened a 16-mer random peptide library using the yeast two-hybrid system with Beclin 1 as bait and found that two 16-mer peptides (named P4 and P30) appeared to interact with Beclin1 in the β-gal assay. The two candidate cDNAs were introduced into the yeast secretory system of Pichia pastoris and their expression induced in the presence of methanol. Spectrophotometric analysis and Disc clear zone assay using the supernatant of the yeast growth media showed that both of the two peptides had strong activities against Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA (methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus), MRSA2242, and MRSA-2250, but no effect on commensal Lactobacillus strains. PCR analysis of the genomic DNA of transformed Pichia pastoris using AOX1 primers revealed that the two cDNAs were integrated into the genome at the AOX1 locus. Our result suggests that these peptides could be developed as a useful alternative to classic chemical antibiotics.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of enzyme and yeast extract supplement on growth performance, carcass characteristics and blood parameters in Hanwoo steers. A total of forty-eight 23-month-old Hanwoo steers, with average initial body weight of 545.25±12.60 kg, were assigned to four treatments with three replicates in a completely randomized design. Hanwoo steers housed in four heads group per pen. The treatments comprised of four groups of control (no feed additives), treatment 1 (xylanase, cellulase, and gluco-amylase; 0.1%/concentrate), treatment 2 (β-glucan and mannan-oligosaccharide; 0.1%/concentrate), and treatment 3 (treatment 1+2; 0.1%/concentrate). During the fourth and eighth month, average daily gain and feed conversion rates improved in treatment 1, but in the control this was lower than the other treatments (p<0.05). Real-time ultrasound was used for measuring the live carcass traits (longissimus muscle area, back fat thickness, and marbling score) and the better results were in the following order: treatment 1 > treatment 3 > treatment 2 > control, and extended to carcass grade. White blood cell indices were lower in treatments 2 and 3 and the IgG indices were relatively higher than in other treatments. As a result, levels of xylanase, cellulase, and gluco-amylase were increased from the fourth month to improve growth performance, live carcass traits. Durin

발효 후 침전되는 라거효모의 유변학적인 특성 및 그 변화를 회전점도계를 사용하여 조사하였다. 효모침전물을 희석한 현탁액은 전단속도의 증가에 따라 전단응력이 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. Power law를 사용하여 분석한 결과 효모의 습중량 분율이 0.83 이하에서는 전단농화(n = 1.19-1.25)의 특성을 나타내었다. 효모침전물의 점도는 4oC 혹은 상온에서 모두 시간이 경과할수록 증가하였다. 상온에서 효모침전물의 전단농화는 2일과 4일 후 다소 약화되었지만 특별히 높은 전단속도(170.7 s−1)에서는 급격하게 감소하였다. 반면 6일째는 전단농화특성이 회복되고 더 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 유속세포분석기를 사용하여 효모세포는 1배체, 2배체 3배체 및 4배체가 혼합되어 있음을 확인하였다. 효모침전물에서 각각의 배수체의 비율은 시간의 경과에 따라 변하여 효모 세포간 mating 혹은 감수분열과정이 일어나고 있음을 알려준다. 주사전자현미경 사진을 통하여 크기가 작은 효모가 공존하고 있음을 확인하였고 이미지분석기술을 사용하여 시간이 경과할수록 크기가 작은 효모의 비율이 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 결과는 효모의 유변학적 특성이 효모의 배수체 분포의 변화 특히 크기가 작은 효모세포의 비율의 변화와 관련이 있음을 알려준다. 본 연구에서 회전 점도를 사용하여 효모 세포의 생리학적인 상태를 모니터링 할 수 있음을 보였다.

UV 파장이 차단된 고강도 광원을 활용한 광펄스 시스템을 이용하여 막걸리로부터 분리한 효모의 살균 효과에 대하여 연구하였다. 광펄스 처리의 주요 변수인 빛의 세기와 처리시간 그리고 frequency에 따른 효모의 사멸 효과를 살펴본 결과 광원의 빛의 세기(전압의 세기)가 높아질수록 그리고 처리시간이 길어질수록 높은 사멸율을 나타내어 1000V, 50 sec 처리 후 모든 균(약 7 log CFU/mL) 이 사멸하였으며, 처리시간에 따라 직선적으로 사멸하는 경향을 보였다. 일정한 빛의 세기와 처리시간에서는 frequency가 증가할수록 사멸 효과가 증가하였지만 실제 처리시간(처리시간×펄스수)이 같으면 frequency에 상관없이 같은 사멸효과를 보여 frequency에 따른 사멸율의 영향은 없었다. 시료내에 초기 균수 농도가 높을수록 투명도의 감소에 의해 광원의 투과력이 떨어져 사멸효과는 감소하였으며, 시료의 깊이가 증가할수록 사멸효과는 감소하여 시료의 깊이가 5 mm이상일 경우 사멸효과가 급격히 떨어졌다. 광펄스 처리 중 시료의 온도는 변화가 없었다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 볼 때 광펄스 처리가 실제 공정에 적용될 경우 온도의 변화없이 시료 내의 미생물을 사멸하는데 효과는 있으나 이를 위해서는 시료의 탁도와 초기균수 그리고 깊이를 고려하여 설계되어야 할 것으로 보인다.

This study investigated the functional nutrition of red yeast rice to added beurre mani? in the production of brown sauce. We added X to Y at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% and investigated the effects on the viscosity, water content, turbidity, pH, sugar level, reducing sugar, color, and sensory quality characteristics of the resultant brown sauce. The viscosity of Brown sauce was increased with increasing red yeast rice beurre mani? while water content and turbidity were decreased. pH was between 4.57～4.91. Sugar level and reducing sugar were increased with increasing red yeast rice powder content. L and a were increased with increasing red yeast rice powder content, and b was decreased. In sensory testing, visual appearance and flavor were highest for brown sauce preparations containing 15% and 20% X. Aftertaste and taste scored the highest for additions of 10% and 15%. For general preference, a 15% addition of X resulted in the highest score. Based on the results, it seems that red yeast rice powder, 15% red yeast rice powder added brown sauce has the highest the general preference.

본 연구에서는 LSW를 이용한 피틴의 생산과정에서 기존의 알칼리 중화법의 단점을 극복하고자 효모발효에 의한 자연 침전법으로 피틴을 회수하는 공정을 개발하였다. LSW에 함유되는 약 3%(w/v)의 젖산은 약 33시간의 효모 발효에 의하여 소모되고 pH가 7.5 정도로 상승함에 따라 LSW에 함유된 피틴산이 기존의 중화법에 사용되는 Ca(OH)2의 투입 없이 피틴으로 침전되어 분리되었다. LSW의 효모발효에 의하여 생성된 피틴의 농도는 약 1.0%(w/v)였으며, 단백질함량은 12.3%(w/w)로서 중화법으로 생산된 피틴보다 현저히 낮은 수준이었다. 또한 효모 발효에 의하여 생성된 피틴은 중화법으로 생성된 피틴보다 약 1.6배 빠른 침전속도를 나타내었다.

We identified cdf based on screening of the Arabidopsis cDNA library for functional suppressors of the AtBI-1 (a gene described to suppress the cell death induced by Bax gene expression in yeast). The cdf was located on Chr. V and was composed of 5 exons and 4 introns. It encodes a protein of 258 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 28.8 kDa. The protein has 3 transmembrane domains in the C-terminal region. The cdf has one homologue, named cdf2, which was found in Arabidopsis. Like cdf, cdf2 also induced growth defect in yeast. The effect of the cell growth defect factor was somewhat lower than Bax. cdf could arrest the growth of yeast. Its localization to the nucleus was essential for the suppression of yeast cell proliferation. Morphological abnormality of intracellular network, which is a hallmark of AtBI-1, was attenuated by expression of cdf.

Antimicrobial peptides are widely found in living organisms and are known to play a critical role in innate immunity. Numerous antimicrobial peptides from diverse species appear to be effective against pathogenic microorganisms of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Because antibiotic resistance is a global health issue in the fight against pathogenic microorganisms, there has been an urgent need for development of new antibiotic substances. In the current study, we performed yeast two hybrid screening using Beclin1 bait in order to find new peptide antibiotics from a random peptide library. Two candidate peptides from the screening were expressed in a yeast secretory system of Pichia pastoris and tested for any antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, MRSA2242, MRSA2250, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Disc clear zone assay and spectrophotometric analysis revealed that the two peptides exert a decent activity against the pathogenic bacteria, in contrast to minimal effect on the commensal Lactobacillus strains. Taken together, this study presents novel peptides with antibacterial activity against the pathogenic forms of Staphylococcus aureus and suggests the possibility that these peptides, upon further characterization, may be developed as clinically useful antibiotics.

본 연구에서는 효모에서 과 발현하는 Bax inhibior와 관련된 유전자를 동정하여 특성화 하였다. Yeast functional screening이라는 방법을 이용하여, 일반적은 환경에서 재배된 벼의 cDNA를 QX95001에 형질전 환하여 SD-galactose-Leu--Ura-배지에서 생성된 8개의 클론을 선발하였다. 그 중 AtBI-1과 같은 domain이 있는 D2-234를 포함하여 5개의 클론을 선발하였다. D2-243는 741bp의 염기서열과 247개의 아미노산으로 구성되었고 5 membrane-spanning 단편으로 되어 있음을 확인하였다. D2-234는 SD-galactose--배지에서 세포성장이 왕성하였다. 본 실험에서 얻어진 결과는 벼 식물에서 나타나는 세포예정사와 관련된 단백질을 선발하는데 유용하게 이용될 것으로 생각된다.