At q = 1.81 ± 0.20 × 10-5, KMT-2018-BLG-0029Lb has the lowest planet-host mass ratio q of any microlensing planet to date by more than a factor of two. Hence, it is the first planet that probes below the apparent "pile-up" at q = 5-10 ×10-5. The event was observed by Spitzer, yielding a microlens-parallax πE measurement. Combined with a measurement of the Einstein radius θE from finite-source effects during the caustic crossings, these measurements imply masses of the host Mhost = 1.14+0.10-0.12 M⊙ and planet Mplanet = 7.59+0.75-0.69 M⊕, system distance DL = 3.38+0.22-0.26 kpc and projected separation a⊥ = 4.27+0.21-0.23 AU. The blended light, which is substantially brighter than the microlensed source, is plausibly due to the lens and could be observed at high resolution immediately.

Peer review has been around since journals were first published. Peer review organized by journal editors is, however, relatively recent, having become popular in the mid-1900s. Prior to that time, editors decided what to publish. The change of approach has not been good for science. Mandatory journal peer review is biased against the proper scientific study of important problems. It is also unreliable, slow, expensive, and has led to the mindless publication of many incorrect and useless studies. We suggest that journal peer review should be replaced by assessment of whether a paper follows proper scientific procedures. We describe the development of checklist software to aid in this process. Using the software would reduce the time and cost of reviewing research papers and help to avoid biased reviews. We pretested the software using a convenience sample of published papers and compared preliminary findings with those from software designed to assess the conformity of advertisements with evidence-based persuasion principles. The online journal PLoS employ a criterion they call “soundness,” which is akin to assessing conformance to science, for choosing articles to publish. Since that journal was founded ten years ago, PLoS has become the world’s largest publisher of research articles. We suggest that journal editors, PhD programs, universities, law courts, and research funders including governments adopt the Conformance to Science checklist to efficiently identify research worthy of support and use, and to thereby encourage the growth of scientific knowledge.

TOEIC continues to be an important test in Asia and TOEfC preparation classes are as popular as they have ever been. Little research has been done, however, to determine the most effective ways to help students prepare for this test. This study sought to analyze the impact of explicit TOEIC instruction when supplemented with Silent Sustained Readi ng (SSR) and an online vocabulary learning program. Four combinations of these practices were tested: ( I) explicit instruction supplemented by online vocabulary instruction, 2) a combination of explicit instruction, SSR and online vocabulary practice, 3) explicit instruction supplemented by SSR, and 4) expli cit instruction on ly. Total time for instruction and practice were kept constant among the four groups. Due to between-group differences on pre-test TOEIC scores, an ANCOVA analys is was used. On total TOEIC scores, all groups made sign ificant and statistically eq ual gains. However, on an analysis of the reading portion of the TOEIC resu lts, group 2 (combination of explicit instruction, SSR, and online vocabulary practice) outperformed group 4 (exp licit practice only group). The author concludes that the combination of all three practices had a synergistic effect on the reading portion of the test and led to superior gain s.

This study aims to investigate the effect of spaced distribution versus massed distribution learning on grammar acquisition. Memory research has shown that presenting information in increasing time intervals (spaced repetition) results in better learning and retention than presenting the information in one lengthy and uninterrupted session (massed repetition). This phenomenon is called the spacing effect. Though research in second language vocabulary has been well developed in regards to spacing effect methodology, very little has been done on the possible application to second language grammar acquisition. Using a quasi-experimental pre-test post-test design, a study was performed to trial an investigation on the impact of spaced repetitioninstruction on grammar acquisition versus the more traditional massed repetition (block) instruction. The results of the post tests showed the spaced instruction group outperformed the massed instruction group.

지적재산권의 anticommons3) 문제는 악명이 높다. 하나의 물건 또는 서비스에 다수의 지적재산권이 존재하는 경우에 장래 그 분야 사업에 진출하려는 기업이 주저하거나 부차적인 비용을 들거나 홀드 업(held up) 문제를 발생시킬 것을 염려하는 사람들도 많다. 이 논문은 현재의 법령 내에서 사적질 서형성(private ordering)에 기초한 해결방안을 제안하고 있다. 이러한 접근 방식은 유한책임회사를 설립하고, 지적재산권자들이 사업을 영위하는데 실질적인 이해관계를 갖고서 이러한 기업에 참여하도록 하는 인센티브를 제공하는 것이다. 그러나, 현재 지적재산권자들은 홀드아웃(hold out)4)과 같은 기회주의적으로 상황에 따라 이익만을 추구하는 행동을 하지 않도록 하는 사회적인 압력도 받고있다. 지적재산권자에 대한 보상과 자기 규제(self restraint)를 적절히 행하여 관련된 지적재산권자들에 대한 행동을 조정하는 것이 이 논문에서 제안된 구조이다. 제시된 접근방식은 변호사들이 거래비용 엔지니어(transaction cost engineer)로서의 역할을 하여 문제를 처리할 수 있도록 설계되었다.

수정된 Lincoln용액을사용하여 여러가지 목초의 상대생장율, 뿌리/지상부(RlS)비율, 상대적 뿌리 용적 및 표면적 등을 동시에 비교하기 위하여 수경재배법을 개발하였다. 수정된 Lincoln 용액에서 19가지 초종이 모두 잘 자랐으며, 뿌리특성 연구에 긴요하게 이용될 수 있었다. 상대생장율은 조사기간 동안 이상적으로 일정 값을 유지하며 같은 식물체로 성공적으로 측정할 수 있었다. Group 간과 마찬가지로 group 내에서도 초종간 RlS율에 큰 차이

To broaden the understanding of classical Cepheid structure, evolution and atmospheres, we have extended our continuing secret lives of Cepheids program by obtaining XMM/Chandra X-ray observations, and Hubble space telescope (HST) / cosmic origins spectrograph (COS) FUV-UV spectra of the bright, nearby Cepheids Polaris, δ Cep and β Dor. Previous studies made with the international ultraviolet explorer (IUE) showed a limited number of UV emission lines in Cepheids. The well-known problem presented by scattered light contamination in IUE spectra for bright stars, along with the excellent sensitivity & resolution combination offered by HST/COS, motivated this study, and the spectra obtained were much more rich and complex than we had ever anticipated. Numerous emission lines, indicating 104 K up to ~3 × 105 K plasmas, have been observed, showing Cepheids to have complex, dynamic outer atmospheres that also vary with the photospheric pulsation period. The FUV line emissions peak in the phase range φ ≈ 0.8-1.0 and vary by factors as large as 10×. A more complete picture of Cepheid outer atmospheres is accomplished when the HST/COS results are combined with X-ray observations that we have obtained of the same stars with XMM-Newton & Chandra. The Cepheids detected to date have X-ray luminosities of log LX ≈ 28.5-29.1 ergs/sec, and plasma temperatures in the 2–8 × 106 K range. Given the phase-timing of the enhanced emissions, the most plausible explanation is the formation of a pulsation-induced shocks that excite (and heat) the atmospheric plasmas surrounding the photosphere. A pulsation-driven α2 equivalent dynamo mechanism is also a viable and interesting alternative. However, the tight phase-space of enhanced emission (peaking near 0.8-1.0 φ) favor the shock heating mechanism hypothesis.