Several vertebrate species are able to epimorphically regenerate tissue of appendages or whole appendages such as fingertips, limbs, fins, tails, antlers, and ear tissue via the formation of a blastema of proliferating cells. For structure such as mammalian ear tissue and fingertips and antlers, the origin of the cells for regeneration is uncertain, but in others, such as fish fin regeneration and amphibian limb and tail regeneration, studies revealed that the blastema is formed by the dedifferentiation of mature cells local to the region of injury. Moreover, regeneration requires specification of the identity of new tissues to be made either in lower or higher vertebrates. Whether this process relies only on intrinsic regulative properties of regenerating tissues or whether wound signaling provides input into tissue repatterning is not known. In this review, authors have made efforts to put emphasis on signaling events, importance of polarity during regeneration and put forth how the limitations of regeneration could be overcome in higher vertebrates such as animals and humans.

ABSTRACT   Introduction   What is regeneration and wound healing?   Dedifferentiation during wound healing   What is blastema and how it can be obtained in non regenerating tissues   Regeneration physiology and other biological processes   Nerve-derived signals   Signals regulating morphogenesis   Wnt expression and regeneration polarity   Conclusion   References

• 수프리야 시와니(강원대학교 의생명공학과) | Supriya Shiwani
• 왕명현(강원대학교 의생명공학과) | Myeong Hyeon Wang
• 나레시 쿠마 싱(강원대학교 동물생명공학과) | Naresh Kumar Singh Corresponding Author