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China is the world’s biggest producer and export of rare earths. China is taking active steps to rare earths for the conservation of exhaustible natural resources and protection of the environment. First China is implementing export licenses to rare earths, therefore companies that acquired export license can engage in rare earths export. China is also taking export quotas, it formed dual barrier by combining with export license, because companies have license for export of rare earths can be assigned quota of rare earths. Export duty rates have increased over the years and rare earths export rebates were abolished to curb export. China also announce a number of policies to limit quantity of mining, producing and exporting rare earths, to prohibit sino-foreign joint-venture cannot enter industry of mining and smelting, and to tighten environmental standards. However, these Chinese domestic measures to rare earths have possibility that inconsistent with WTO rules. China already lost a case that related with raw-materials and the United States, Japan and the EU were initiating WTO case against China’s restrictive measures on rare earths this year. Learning from past experience, China will try to take active actions.
