The paper is that studied the lower­class values reflected in 《Sanyan》 and 《Erpai》 which were published in some drawing papers in the end of Ming(明) era. Among them, the lower­class, are mainly small size merchants, handicraftsmen, labor workers, the unemployed, and rude Xiake from the urban communities.
Those who ran away from the urban were only struggling for living with their privileges curtailed; that is accumulation of capital and chance of education. First of all, they never gave up the desire to advance from their difficulties and longed to realize the justice of the society. The Xiake created a figure to realize their ideal, a person who spoke for the lower­class. The Xiake was a hero of the lower­class eliminating social absurdities and moral corruption from the society and embodying in the righteous communities. Their ethics was prominently low by both economical wants and loss of education. They seemed to carve for themselves just to live recklessly. They didn"t also feel remorse for their crimes and reflect on their doing bad acts; abductions, extortions, deceptions, and violations. The ethics of them no longer existed. Their life was controled by both the sense of the survival, and just the advantages. Therefore, the social confusions incurred the lower­class laid in front of them could not easily be solved.

• 金素贞