Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate are secondary metabolites produced by anaerobic fermentation of dietary fibers in the intestine. Intestinal SCFAs exert various beneficial effects on intestinal homeostasis, including energy metabolism, autophagy, cell proliferation, immune reaction, and inflammation, whereas contradictory roles of SCFAs in the oral cavity have been reported. Herein, we found that low and high concentrations of SCFAs induce differential regulation of intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, respectively, in gingival fibroblast cells. Additionally, cell viability was found to be differentially regulated in response to low and high concentrations of SCFAs. These findings demonstrate that the physiological functions of SCFAs in various cellular responses are more likely dependent on their local concentration.

Introduction
Materials and Methods
    1. 세포 배양 및 시약
    2. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) assay
    3. 세포 활성도 분석(cell viability assay)
    4. 세포 내 칼슘 농도([Ca2+]i) 측정
    5. 통계학적 유의성 검사
Results
    1. 단사슬지방산 농도 변화에 따른 치은섬유아세포 내 [Ca2+]i반응의 변화
    2. 단사슬지방산 농도 변화에 따른 치은섬유아세포 내 전 염증사이토카인(proinflammatory cytokines) 발현 변화
    3. 단사슬지방산 농도 변화에 따른 세포활성도 변화
Discussion
References

• So Hui Kim(Department of Carbon Convergence Engineering, College of Engineering, Wonkwang University)
• Min Seuk Kim(Department of Oral Physiology and Institute of Biomaterial-Implant, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University) Correspondence to