A Study on the Significance of the Discourse on Congregation for Pastoral Care and Theology: With Special Reference to Cases in Church History
목회는 목회자, 회중, 목회사역의 삼대 요소로 이뤄진 삼각구도를 통해 수행된다. 목회에 있어서 이 세 가지는 어느 것 하나 빼놓을 수 없는 중요 한 것들이다. 그런데 그동안 목회론(혹은 목회신학)은 전반적으로 볼 때, 주로 목회자 혹은 목회사역에 집중해왔다. 그 결과 목회론에서 회중은 상 대적으로 관심을 제대로 받아오지 못했고, 따라서 목회자론과 목회사역론 에 비해서 회중을 논하는 ‘회중론’(필자의 조어)이 크게 발전하지 못했다. 한편 오늘날 신학 특히 교회론과 선교론은 급변하고 있고, 이런 변화 가운 데 회중에 대한 강조를 빼놓을 수 없다. 본 논문은 바로 이런 학문적 요구에 응답하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 본 논문은 한편으로 교회사에서 회중론의 유산을 간추려보고자 한다. 다른 한 편으로 본 논문은 최근 신학 특히 교회론과 선교론에서 회중을 강조하는 담론들을 살펴보면서, 그것들이 목회론 특히 회중론에 대해 지니는 함의를 간추려보고자 한다. 교회사 가운데 평신도의 중요성은 간헐적으로 강조되 어왔고 대표적인 것은 종교개혁이지만, 본격적으로 신학적 조명을 받게 된 것은 20세기부터라고 할 수 있다. 관련 신학은 평신도 신학, 하나님의 백성 신학, 회중 신학 등이다.
It is commonplace that pastoral care consists of the triangle structure with three factors such as pastor, congregation, and pastoral ministy. Over the years, however, discourses on pastoral care tend to focus on pastor or pastoral ministry, largely neglecting congregation, which explains the poverty and underdevelopment of discourses on congregation and impedes the balanced development of the discourses on pastoral care. Nowadays, with the rise of new theologies, in particular new ecclesiology and missiology, the importance of congregation has been widely recognized, and this awareness requires corresponding changes in the discourses on pastoral care, especially on congregation. In short, scholars have paid scant attention to the discourses on congregation. This paper aims to rectify this problem. In doing this, it reviews the discourses on congregation in church history, on the one hand, and examines the significance of the new ecclesiology and missiology such as the theology of laity, the theology of the people of God and the theology of congregation, for the discourses on congregation, on the other. Among the cases in church history, St. Gregory the Great’s Regulae pastoralis liber, and Martin Bucer’s Von der waren Seelsorge und dem rechten Hirtendienst deserve special attention. The former reminds us of the importance of intimacy between pastor and congregation, and urges us to develop a mutual rather than one-sided relationship between them. The latter sheds light on the changed role of laity from the object to the subject in pastoral ministry, which leads to the recovery of the original type of pastoral care in the Early Church and implies that we need to widen the scope of pastoral care from healing the lost and sick to edifying the sound and healthy. Furthermore, the wisdom of the new ecclesiology and missiology has such a revolutionary impact on the understanding of pastoral care that it is congregation rather than clergy that directs and draws up the agenda of pastoral care. Hopefully, the development of the discourses on congregation stimulates the overall development of the discourses on pastoral care, and even that of theology.