The primary meaning of“杜撰” is “baseless fabrication”. In Luo Min yulu (洛閩語錄), the annotation is “madeup interpretation of ancient words”. Huilin pointed out that some Buddhist sutra translators regarded “頷劑” as “㜝懠”’s Phonetic annotation, which was a hasty fabrication. For the annotation of the word “肚撰” in 近代漢語詞典 (Modern Chinese Dictionary), “娢儕” should be replaced by “㜝懠” as we follow Huilin’s critics. Drawing on the notes from慧琳音義, the connotation of “杜撰” in the 3rd edition of 辭源 explores its original meaning. In Luo Min yulu, “脱空” is annotated as a synonym of “杜撰”. According to 朱子語類, “脱空” means “out of thin air, falsification”, “being baseless, random, chaotic”, “fabricating, boasting, Lying, exaggerating”, etc.

• 徐時儀(上海師範大學) | Shiyi XU
• 李景遠 (漢陽大學) | Kyeong-won LEE