This research examines the rescue of refugees at sea in the context of international law and human rights. The article focuses on the search and rescue obligations outlined in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The article also discusses other international initiatives relevant to the rescue of refugees at sea, including the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea and the Global Compact on Refugees. The challenges surrounding the rescue of refugees at sea are also analysed, including issues such as delays and refusals in assistance. The authors further explore disagreements over responsibility and jurisdiction in rescue operations involving refugees. Finally, the article underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding of international legislation and basic humanitarian principles when addressing the rescue of refugees at sea. It offers insights into potential solutions for addressing the challenges and controversies encountered in these rescue operations.

I. Introduction
II. The Refugee Crisis at Sea from International Law and Human Rights Perspectives
III. The Significance of the Non-Refoulement Principle in Refugee Protection
IV. States’ Rights and Duties to Refugees underInternational Law
V. Search and Rescue Obligations
    A. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and itsRescue Provisions
    B. Duty of States to Conduct Rescue Operations at Sea and its Application to Refugees
    C. The Role of the International Maritime Organization inFacilitating Coordination and Cooperation in Rescue Efforts
    D. Role of the International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea
    E. The Global Compact on Refugees 2018
VI. Issues and Disputations
    A. Difficulties in Rescuing Refugees at Sea
    B. Exploration of Disputes over Responsibility and Jurisdictionin Rescue Operations
    C. Case Studies of the Rescue of Refugees at Sea
VII. Conclusion

• Nehaluddin Ahmad(Professor of Law at University Islam Sultan Sharif Ali (UNISSA), Brunei Darussalam. MA/LL.B./LL.M. (Lucknow U.-India), LL.M. (Strathclyde U.-UK), LL.D. (Meerut U.-India).)
• Faizan Mustafa(Professor & Vice-Chancellor at Chanakya Law University, Patna, India. LL.B./LL.M/Ph.D.)
• Hanan Abdul Aziz(Deputy Dean at Faculty of Shariah and Law at University Islam Sultan Sharif Ali (UNISSA), Brunei Darussalam. LL.B. (International U.-Malaysia), LL.M. (Westminster U.), Ph.D. (U. Wales).)