The development of autonomous ships relies heavily on the Internet technologies, which have introduced a new type of risk to the shipping industry. Increasing dependence on the Internet computing and satellite communications makes cybersecurity a significant consideration for the current operation and future development of autonomy technology in the shipping industry. Cyber risks will be a more critical issue for maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS). This research identifies current international regulatory issues concerning cybersecurity in MASS, and exam ines potential regulatory improvements for the effective prevention and control of potential cyber risks. In terms of improvements, the authors suggest the adoption of a mandatory goal-based MASS code that constitutes an independent cyber risk management, separate from existing safety management systems based on the International Safety Management code. In addition, the SUA Convention for the suppression of unlawful acts against shipping must be revised to actively respond to cyber-crime as an emerging threat in the era of MASS.

I. Introduction
II. General Consideration of MASS and Cyber RiskIssues
    A. Introduction of MASS as a New Technology
    B. Benefits of MASS
    C. Increased Risk of Maritime Cyber-Attacks
III. International Regulatory Regime for Cybersecurityand its Implications for MASS
    A. Current International Regime for Cybersecurity in the Shippingindustry
    B. Regulatory Issues Concerning Cybersecurity of MASS
IV. Recommended Improvements to InternationalRegulations for the Mitigation and Control ofCyber Risk in MASS
    A. Need for Adoption of Mandatory Resolution or Code for theSafety of MASS
    B. Need for Revision of the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation
    C. Increasing the Effectiveness of Maritime Cyber RiskManagement Systems
    D. Need for Coverage of Cyber Incidents in Marine Insurance
V. Conclusion

• Junghwan Choi(Associate Professor at Law School of Dalian Maritime University, China.)
• Jiancuo Qi(Associate Research Fellow of Institute of Maritime Law at Shanghai Maritime University.) corresponding author