Agriculture is a pivotal player in the climate change narrative, contributing to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while offering potential mitigation solutions. This study delved into agriculture’s climate impact. It comprehensively analysed emissions from diverse agricultural sources, carbon sequestration possibilities, and the repercussions of agricultural emissions on climate and ecosystems. The study began by contextualising the historical and societal importance of agricultural GHG emissions within the broader climate change discourse. It then discussed into GHG emitted from agricultural activities, examining carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions individually, including their sources and mitigation strategies. This research extended beyond emissions, scrutinising their effects on climate change and potential feedback loops in agricultural systems. It underscored the importance of considering both the positive and negative implications of emissions reduction policies in agriculture. In addition, the review explored various avenues for mitigating agricultural emissions and categorised them as sustainable agricultural practices, improved livestock management, and precision agriculture. Within each category, different subsections explain innovative methods and technologies that promise emissions reduction while enhancing agricultural sustainability. Furthermore, the study addressed carbon sequestration and removal in agriculture, focussing on soil carbon sequestration, afforestation, and reforestation. It highlighted agriculture’s potential not only to reduce emissions, but also to serve as a carbon reservoir, lowering overall GHG impact. The research also scrutinised the multifaceted nature of agriculture, examining the obstacles hindering mitigation strategies, including socioeconomic constraints and regulatory hurdles. This study emphasises the need for equitable and accessible solutions, especially for smallholder farmers. It envisioned the future of agricultural emissions reduction, emphasising the advancements in measurement, climate-smart agricultural technologies, and cross-sectoral collaboration. It highlighted agriculture’s role in achieving sustainability and resilience amid a warming world, advocating collective efforts and innovative approaches. In summary, this comprehensive analysis recognised agriculture’s capacity to mitigate emissions while safeguarding food security, biodiversity, and sustainable development. It presents a compelling vision of agriculture as a driver of a sustainable and resilient future.

Carbon dynamics in agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and removals: a comprehensive review
    Abstract
        Graphical abstract
    1 Introduction
        1.1 Background and importance of agriculture-related GHG emissions
        1.2 The need for a comprehensive analysis
    2 GHG emissions in agricultural production
        2.1 CO emissions
            2.1.1 Energy use in agriculture
            2.1.2 Land use changes
        2.2 CH emissions
            2.2.1 Enteric fermentation in livestock
            2.2.2 Manure management
        2.3 N O emissions
            2.3.1 Fertiliser application
            2.3.2 Soil management practices
    3 Sources and drivers of agricultural emissions
        3.1 Livestock production
            3.1.1 Ruminant vs. non-ruminant emissions
            3.1.2 Factors influencing emissions
        3.2 Crop agriculture
            3.2.1 Fertiliser types and application methods
            3.2.2 Tillage practices
        3.3 Land use changes and deforestation
            3.3.1 Conversion of forests to agricultural land
            3.3.2 Peatland drainage and emissions
    4 Impacts of agricultural emissions
        4.1 Climate change effects
            4.1.1 Global warming potential of different gases
            4.1.2 Regional and local climate impacts
        4.2 Feedback loops
            4.2.1 Implications for agriculture itself
    5 Mitigation strategies for agricultural emissions
        5.1 Sustainable agricultural practices
            5.1.1 Conservation agriculture
            5.1.2 Agroforestry
            5.1.3 Cover crops
        5.2 Improved livestock management
            5.2.1 Dietary interventions
            5.2.2 Manure management techniques
        5.3 Precision agriculture
            5.3.1 Nutrient management
            5.3.2 Emission-reducing technologies
    6 Carbon sequestration and removal in agriculture
        6.1 Soil carbon sequestration
            6.1.1 Enhancing soil organic matter
            6.1.2 Role of agroecosystems
        6.2 Afforestation and reforestation
            6.2.1 Agroforestry systems
            6.2.2 Carbon stocks in tree plantations
    7 Challenges and barriers to mitigation
        7.1 Socioeconomic constraints
            7.1.1 Smallholder farmers
            7.1.2 Access to technology
        7.2 Policy and regulatory challenges
            7.2.1 Land use planning
            7.2.2 Incentive mechanisms
    8 Synergies and trade-offs in agricultural emissions reduction
        8.1 Food security and emissions reductions
        8.2 Sustainable development goals alignment
        8.3 Biodiversity conservation
    9 Future outlook and research directions
        9.1 Advancements in emission measurement and monitoring
        9.2 Climate-smart agriculture innovations
        9.3 Cross-sectoral collaboration
    10 Conclusions
    Acknowledgements 
    References

• Hesam Kamyab(Process Systems Engineering Centre (PROSPECT), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor, Malaysia, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, UTE University, Calle Rumipamba S/N and Bourgeois, Quito, Ecuador, Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, India) Corresponding author
• Morteza SaberiKamarposhti(Faculty of Computing and Informatics (FCI), Multimedia University, Cyberjaya 63100, Selangor, Malaysia)
• Haslenda Hashim(Process Systems Engineering Centre (PROSPECT), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor, Malaysia)
• Mohammad Yusuf(Clean Energy Technologies Research Institute (CETRI), Process Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina SK S4S 0A2, Canada)