Accurate and rapid detection of antibiotics is critical for protecting human health and the environment. To this end, we report a novel electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous detection of Levofloxacin (LFX) and Tryptophan (TRP) in dairy samples. Outstanding electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of LFX and TRP is exhibited by the Activated Nanodiamond (AND) and Ti3AlC2 max phase ( Ti3AlC2max) nanocomposite-modified glassy carbon electrode ( Ti3AlC2max AND/GCE) featured in our sensor. High selectivity and sensitivity are achieved by the sensor, with limits of detection (LOD) of 20.47 nM and 0.309 μM for LFX and TRP, respectively. Moreover, strong anti-parasite capacity is demonstrated by the developed sensor, making it an excellent candidate for the establishment of a reliable sensing platform for antibiotic detection. Findings suggest that this novel sensor could serve as a valuable tool for monitoring the content of LFX and TRP in dairy samples and enhancing the safety of these products.

Maximizing detection sensitivity of levofloxacin and tryptophan in dairy products: a carbon-based electrochemical sensor incorporating Ti3AlC2 MAX phase and activated nanodiamonds
    Abstract
    1 Introduction
    2 Experimental methods
        2.1 Chemicals and reagents
        2.2 Instruments
        2.3 Synthesis of nanocomposite
            2.3.1 Synthesis of Ti3AlC2 max
                2.3.1.1 Synthesis of AND 
                2.3.1.2 Synthesis of Ti3AlC2max AND composite 
        2.4 Preparation of Ti3AlC2max ANDGCE
        2.5 Preparation of practical samples
    3 Results and discussion
        3.1 Characterization of Ti3AlC2 max AND
            3.1.1 FT-IR spectra
            3.1.2 XRD spectrum
            3.1.3 Surface morphology and BET analysis
        3.2 Impact of pH variation and scan rate
        3.3 Optimization of accumulation parameters
        3.4 Electrochemical properties
        3.5 Voltammetric response and calibration curve for LFX detection
        3.6 Selectivity, repeatability, reproducibility and stability
        3.7 Practical sample analysis
    4 Conclusion
    References

• Ghazaleh Kholafazadehastamal(Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey)
• Mansoor Khan(Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey, Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)
• Mustafa Soylak(Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey, Technology Research & Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey, Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA), Ankara, Turkey)
• Nevin Erk(Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey)