Nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials (N-CNMs) were prepared using Ni(NO3)2 as a catalyst in the laminar diffusion flame. Doping the structure of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) with nitrogen can significantly change the characteristics of CNMs. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of adding ammonia ( NH3) on the evolution of CNMs structure in the laminar flame of ethylene. Raman analysis shows that the intensity ratio ( ID/IG) of the D-band and G-band of N-CNMs increases and then decreases after the addition of NH3. The intensity ratio is a maximum of 0.99, which has a good degree of disorder and defect density. The binding distribution of nitrogen was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and a correlation was found between the amount of nitrogen and the morphology of N-CNMs. Nitrogen atoms predominantly present in the forms of pyrrolic-N, pyridinic-N, graphitized-N and oxidized-N, with a doping ratio of nitrogen atoms reaching up to 2.44 at.%. This study found that smaller nickel (Ni) nanoparticles were the main catalysts for carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and their synthesis followed the ‘hollow growth mechanism’ and carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were synthesized from larger Ni nanoparticles according to the ‘solid growth mechanism’. Furthermore, a growth mechanism for the synthesis of bamboolike CNTs using a specific particle size of the Ni catalyst is proposed. It is noteworthy that the synthesis and modulation of high-performance N-CNMs by flame method represents a simple and efficient approach.

Effect of NH3 addition on the preparation of nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials by flame synthesis method
    Abstract
        Graphical Abstract
    1 Introduction
    2 Materials and methods
        2.1 Catalyst preparation
        2.2 Synthesis of N-CNMs
        2.3 Characterization
    3 Results and discussion
        3.1 Flame shape and temperature
        3.2 N-CNMs synthesis and particle size analysis
        3.3 Raman analysis
        3.4 XPS analysis
        3.5 Growth mechanism of N-CNMs
    4 Conclusions
    Acknowledgements 
    References

• Hui Zhou(School of Energy and Environment, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243002, Anhui, China)
• Yuhang Yang(School of Energy and Environment, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243002, Anhui, China)
• Fen Qiao(School of Energy & Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China)
• Run Hong(School of Energy and Environment, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243002, Anhui, China)
• Hanfang Zhang(School of Energy and Environment, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243002, Anhui, China)
• Huaqiang Chu(School of Energy and Environment, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243002, Anhui, China) Corresponding author