Silage inoculants, which include beneficial microorganisms like lactic acid bacteria (LAB), play a vital role in modern silage production by enhancing fermentation quality. This study evaluated the effectiveness of various commercial inoculants on the fermentation dynamics of Italian ryegrass silage over 45 days. The treatments included a control group and five inoculant formulations: T1 (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum), T2 (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus), T3 (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus and Lactiplantibacillus buchneri), T4 (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lactiplantibacillus acidophilus and Lactiplantibacillus bulgaricus), and T5 (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus and Enterococcus faecium). After 45 days, all treatment groups exhibited significantly higher crude protein (CP) content compared to the control group (80.64 g/kg dry matter (DM), p<0.05). Treatments T2 and T5, which incorporated combinations of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus and Enterococcus faecium, showed higher CP contents at 105.53 and 107.05 g/kg DM, respectively. The inoculated silages also demonstrated a rapid pH reduction within the early days, with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in T1 reducing the pH to 4.0 within four days. Additionally, inoculated treatments had significantly higher lactic acid levels than the control (67.96 g/kg DM, p<0.05), and T3 (Lactiplantibacillus buchneri) produced higher acetic acid levels (16.07 g/kg DM, p<0.05) than other inoculants. The control group also had a notably higher ammonia nitrogen content. In conclusion, while single-strain inoculants like Lactiplantibacillus plantarum are effective for rapid acidification, the use of combined bacterial strains can further enhance silage quality by improving lactic acid fermentation and nutrient preservation, particularly in treatments like Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus and Lactiplantibacillus buchneri and Enterococcus faecium.

ABSTRACT
Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION
Ⅱ. MATERIALS AND METHODS
    1. Experimental design
    2. Analysis of fermentative characteristics
    3. Analysis of nutritional values
    4. Statistical analysis
Ⅲ. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
    1. The agronomic characteristics and chemicalcomposition of Italian ryegrass
    2. The change of chemical composition of Italianryegrass during ensiling
    3. The change of IVDMD, RFV and TDN content ofItalian ryegrass silage during ensiling
    4. Change of organic acid content and pH of Italianryegrass silage during ensiling
    5. The change of WSC and NH3-N/TN of Italianryegrass silage during ensiling
Ⅳ. CONCLUSIONS
Ⅴ. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Ⅵ. REFERENCES

• Young Sang Yu(Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, SNU, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea)
• Yan Fen Li(Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, SNU, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea)
• Xaysana Panyavong(Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, SNU, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea)
• Li Zhunang Wu(Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, SNU, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea)
• Jeong Ung Hwang(Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, SNU, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea)
• Li Li Wang(Research Institute Eco-Friendly Livestock Science, GreenBio Science and Technology, SNU, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea)
• Jong Geun Kim(Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, SNU, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea, Research Institute Eco-Friendly Livestock Science, GreenBio Science and Technology, SNU, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea) Corresponding author