Herein, the electrochemical technique was employed to detect hydroquinone (HQ) using a modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and silver (Ag)-decorated tin oxy-nanoparticles (SnONPs) to form Ag@SnONPs/ rGO nanocomposites (NC). The Ag@SnONPs/rGO nanocomposites were morphologically characterized using multiple analytical methods such as XRD, Raman, XPS, HR-SEM, and HR-TEM. This study revealed that Ag@SnONPs/rGO-NC exhibits excellent conductivity due to the presence of rGO that provides potential π–π interactions with SnONPs, while Ag enhances electron-transfer kinetics. This facilitates efficient charge transport within the sensor, thereby improving HQ adsorption. The key advantages of the sensor demonstrate a concentration of 0.5–200 μM, and a low detection limit value of 0.010 μM, and a high sensitivity value of 6.0746 μA μM−1 cm2. Under optimal conditions, the Ag@SnONPs/rGO sensor may be used to determine HQ and its concentration using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The Ag@SnONPs-rGO/GCE sensor demonstrated excellent reproducibility, repeatability, and stability. Moreover, the suggested bimetallic nanocomposite effectively determined the presence of HQ in water and cosmetic samples.

An innovative approach utilizing bimetallic Ag@Sn-oxy nanocomposite with rGO-decorated glassy carbon-modified electrode for high-performance detection of hydroquinone
    Abstract
    1 Introduction
    2 Experimental sections
        2.1 Materials
        2.2 Material preparation
            2.2.1 Preparation of SnONPsrGO nanocomposites
            2.2.2 Preparation of Ag@SnONPs nanocomposites
            2.2.3 Preparation of Ag@SnONPsrGO nanocomposites
        2.3 Preparation of modified electrode
    3 Results and discussion
        3.1 Structure and morphology of Ag@SnONPsrGOGCE nanocomposite
        3.2 Electrochemical characterization
        3.3 Electrochemical determination of HQ using cyclic voltammetry
        3.4 Hydroquinone detection at Ag@SnONPsrGOGCE using DPV analysis
        3.5 Effect of interference studies from DPV
        3.6 Reproducibility and stability studies of Ag@SnONPsrGO electrode
        3.7 Proposed sensing mechanism
        3.8 Real sample analysis
    4 Conclusions
    Acknowledgements 
    References

• Sethupathy Ramanathan(Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India)
• Panneerselvam Perumal(Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India) Corresponding author