Industrialization and increasing consumerism have driven up energy demand and fossil fuel consumption, significantly contributing to global climate change and environmental pollution. While renewable energy sources are sustainable, their intermittent nature necessitates the development of efficient energy storage devices to ensure uninterrupted power supply and optimal energy utilization. Electrochemical energy storage devices are promising for sustainable energy. Traditionally, carbon electrode materials for these devices come from non-renewable sources. However, using biomass and biomass–coal blends can help substitute fossil fuels, reducing environmental impact. Recent advancements in carbon materials have achieved specific surface areas of over 2500 m2/ g, resulting in supercapacitor capacitances of 250–350 F/g and cycling stability exceeding 10,000 cycles with < 5% capacity loss. In lithium-ion batteries, biomass-based anodes deliver 400–600 mA h/g, outperforming graphite. Doped carbon materials enhance charge-transfer efficiency by 20–30%, while CO₂ emissions from production are reduced by 40–60%. With 50–70% lower costs than fossil-based alternatives, biomass-derived carbons present a viable pathway for scalable, eco-friendly energy storage solutions, accelerating the transition toward sustainable energy systems. Overall, this work highlights the influence of carbon materials on the electrochemical properties and hydrogen storage capacity of biomass-based carbon materials. This also underscores their potential application in energy storage.

Agriculture biomass-derived carbon materials for their application in sustainable energy storage
    Abstract
    1 Introduction
    2 Carbon products from biomass and biomass–coal blend
    3 Biomass precursors and synthesispreparation methods
        3.1 Types of biomass precursors
            3.1.1 Plant-based biomass
            3.1.2 Fruit-based biomass
            3.1.3 Animal precursors
            3.1.4 Microorganisms
        3.2 Method of biomass conversion
            3.2.1 Hydrothermal carbonization
            3.2.2 Template method
            3.2.3 Pyrolysis
                3.2.3.1 Direct pyrolysis and its classifications 
                3.2.3.2 Co-pyrolysis 
            3.2.4 Molten salt carbonization
            3.2.5 Activation of biomass carbon
                3.2.5.1 Physical activation 
                3.2.5.2 Chemical activation 
        3.3 Parameters affecting the properties of carbon materials derived from biomass
            3.3.1 Criteria of selection of biomass precursors
            3.3.2 Activation agent and impregnation ratio
            3.3.3 Activation parameters
            3.3.4 Graphitization degree
            3.3.5 Heteroatom doping
            3.3.6 Composite of carbon with metal oxidesconducting polymers
        3.4 Parameters affecting the properties of coal and biomass blend carbon products
            3.4.1 Types of biomass precursors and rank of coal
            3.4.2 Heating rate
            3.4.3 Temperature
            3.4.4 Blending ratio
    4 Applications of biomass-derived carbons for energy storage
        4.1 Batteries
        4.2 Supercapacitors
            4.2.1 Types of biomass-derived carbon-based supercapacitors
                4.2.1.1 Electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) 
                4.2.1.2 Pseudocapacitors 
                4.2.1.3 Asymmetric supercapacitors 
            4.2.2 Biomass-derived carbon materials for supercapacitors
                4.2.2.1 Heteroatom-doped carbons 
                4.2.2.2 Carbon–metal oxide composites 
                4.2.2.3 Carbon-conducting polymers composites 
        4.3 Hydrogen storage
        4.4 Thermal energy storage
        4.5 Fuel cells
    5 Challenges and perspectives
    6 Conclusions
    Acknowledgements 
    References

• Phibarisha Sohtun(Department of Energy, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India)
• Neelam Bora(Department of Energy, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India)
• Pradyumna Kumar Choudhury(Department of Energy, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India)
• Rupam Kataki(Department of Energy, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India)
• Deepjyoti Deb(Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India)
• Rupam Goswami(Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India)
• Rajender Boddula(Center for Advanced Materials (CAM), Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar)
• Prakash Kumar Sarangi(College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur 795004, India)
• Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan(College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China) Corresponding author