Recently, changes in the electric vehicle transition policy have necessitated improved user acceptance by securing the competitiveness of electric vehicles over internal combustion engine vehicles. In particular, the importance of reliable condition diagnosis technology to prevent safety accidents such as battery pack fires has been receiving significant attention. However, lithium-ion battery packs, primarily used in domestic electric vehicles, require the development of battery pack health diagnosis technology that considers real-world driving characteristics, such as high energy density and irregular and incomplete charge/discharge patterns. This study utilized OBD-II data from 100 real-world electric vehicles to extract health indicators for assessing battery pack aging over time using IC curves. Using IC curves during charging, the most stable environment during real-world driving, key factors associated with battery pack aging were identified. The IC curves confirmed that aging increased with mileage from 30,000 km to 260,000 km, demonstrating the potential for developing integrated aging maps for the same vehicle model. Furthermore, this study is considered a practical tool for immediate condition assessment of electric vehicles without the need for additional equipment.

The potential release of toxic metals such as Li, Ni, and Co into aquatic environments is increasing due to the growth of the lithium-ion battery (LIB) industry and the expansion of recycling processes. In this study, the 24-h acute toxicity of Li, Ni, and Co was evaluated in both single-metal exposures and binary mixture using Daphnia magna. Single-metal toxicity showed the highest toxicity for Co, followed by Li and Ni. Mixture toxicity results indicated antagonistic interactions in the Li-Ni and Li-Co combinations, whereas a strong toxicity enhancement was observed for the Ni-Co combination. Nonlinear interaction patterns dependent on fixed concentrations and concentration ratios were also identified. These findings highlight the limitations of simple additivity assumptions and provide fundamental data for mixture-based ecological risk assessment related to LIB recycling activities.

This study presents an optimization model for battery scheduling in Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) operations considering congested (peak-hour) flight periods. Peak-hour demand concentration causes bottlenecks in vertiport charging/swapping facilities and accelerates battery degradation, reducing operational efficiency. A Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model is developed, incorporating battery states (SoC, SoH), charger and swap-bay constraints, and power peak limits. Simulation results under peak and off-peak scenarios show that the proposed model reduces both delay time and total operating cost compared to average-demand scheduling. This study provides a quantitative decision-making basis for enhancing resource efficiency in AAM operations. The findings offer practical implications for improving AAM infrastructure efficiency and resource management policies.

This study presents a standalone diagnostic device for HEV high-voltage battery packs that communicates directly with the BMS outside the vehicle and enables quantitative verification of BMS SOC and SOH outputs. The prototype, developed for a Renault CMA HEV pack, activates the BMS via the low-voltage harness, reads key variables such as SOC, SOH, cell voltage and temperature, and pack voltage and current over CAN, and safely controls the pack’s high-voltage relay. Using a pack reported as 100% SOH by the BMS, constantcurrent discharge at about a 0.1 C-rate was performed in the SOC range from 30% to 45%, and for 5, 10 and 15-minute segments the usable energy estimated from the BMS SOC and the rated capacity showed mean values around 1.54kWh with a coefficient of variation of approximately 2-3%. The proposed BMS-linked evaluation equipment estimates the usable capacity within a tolerance consistent with the manufacturer’s nominal specification and can serve as a practical basis and tool for second-life evaluation of used high voltage battery packs.

The integration of high-capacity active materials onto flexible substrates is essential for advancing flexible sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, we report a novel strategy for fabricating high-performance, flexible SIB anodes via the immobilization of molybdenum disulfide ( MoS2) nanoparticles on carbon cloth (CC) modified with metal–organic framework-derived carbon nanotubes (MOF-derived CNTs). In this method, Co-containing zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) were assembled on polyaniline-coated CC, followed by CNT growth via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and hydrothermal deposition of MoS2. The resulting MoS2@ CNT@CC electrodes achieved significantly higher MoS2 loading (15–20 wt%) compared to direct deposition on CC (< 5 wt%). Electrochemical evaluation revealed an initial discharge capacity of 231 mAh g− 1 with a Coulombic efficiency of 94.3%, outperforming MoS2@ CC (150 mAh g− 1, 77.8%) and bare CC (113 mAh g− 1, 74.3%). After 100 cycles at 50 mA g− 1, MoS2@ CNT@CC maintained a stable capacity of 133 mAh g− 1 and an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.9%. Cyclic voltammetry confirmed enhanced redox activity, while mechanical tests showed no significant degradation after 10,000 bending cycles (10 mm radius). These findings highlight the effectiveness of MOF-derived CNTs in enhancing MoS2 loading, conductivity, and mechanical resilience, offering a promising route toward robust and efficient flexible SIB anodes.

This study was conducted to examine the structural stability of a lightweight structure for a sliding-type battery rack system located under an electric bus. To address the shortcomings of the existing sliding battery rack systems, the battery rack system was designed by applying lightweight materials and utilizing a bolt-mounting connection type. Finite Element Method(FEM)-based structural analysis was performed, considering both the system’s self-weight and the weight of the installed batteries. The analysis identified the maximum stress value and its location within the entire system. Furthermore, considering the different materials used in various components, the maximum stress values for each component were individually derived. By comparing the maximum stress with the yield strength of each material, it was confirmed that the designed lightweight battery rack system had secured structural stability.

본 연구에서는 과불화 알킬 사슬이 도입된 산화 그래핀(perfluoroalkyl-grafted graphene oxide, FGO)을 합성하고, 이를 과불소화계 고분자인 나피온(Nafion)에 복합화하여 바나듐 레독스 흐름 전지(vanadium redox flow battery, VRFB)용 이 온 교환 막을 개발하고자 하였다. FGO는 염기성 촉매 하에서 카르복실산기를 함유한 폴리(헥사플루오로프로필렌 옥사이드) (157 FSL, DuPont)의 카르복실산기와 GO의 에폭시기 간 개환 에스터화 반응을 통해 합성하였다. 합성된 FGO를 Nafion 기 지체에 함량을 달리하여 첨가한 복합막(N/FGO_X)을 제조하고, 함수율, 체적 안정성, 수소 이온 전도도, 바나듐 이온 투과도 및 셀 성능을 평가하였다. N/FGO 복합막은 Nafion 단일막 대비 낮은 함수율과 체적 변화율을 보였으며, FGO의 물리적 차단 효과에 의해 바나듐 이온 투과도가 감소하면서도 수소 이온 전도도를 유지하여 우수한 이온 선택도를 나타내었다. VRFB 단 위 셀 평가 결과, FGO가 도입된 복합막은 Nafion 단일막을 적용한 셀 대비 높은 방전 용량, 쿨롱 효율 및 에너지 효율을 유 지하였다.

Bamboo charcoal has high ecological and economic value, and is a sustainable and valuable resource for the development of advanced materials such as supercapacitors and batteries. The carbon content in bamboo-based white charcoal produced in traditional Korean kiln reaches 100% when the charcoals heat treated up to 2400℃. X-ray diffraction shows that graphite begins to form at 1500℃, becomes more pronounced at 1800℃, and crystallizes into a dense turbostratic structure at 2000℃. At 2400℃, discrete graphite peaks are confirmed in d002 and d100 planes, while carbon isotope peaks disappear. Raman spectroscopy shows that graphite crystals form at 1800℃, as indicated by a clear 2D band at 2680 cm⁻1. At 2400℃, the height of the D band at 1350 cm⁻1 is lower than that of the G band at 1580 cm⁻1, indicating a high degree of graphitization. The isothermal nitrogen adsorption–desorption curves show that the monolayer value of the sample decreases up to 1300℃, accompanied by a low-pressure hysteresis phenomenon. When heat-treated at 1500℃ or higher, this phenomenon disappears and the monolayer value decreases significantly, indicating the disappearance of micropores and occurrence of graphitization. After 10 min. of heat treatment at 2400℃, the specific surface area of the graphitized charcoal becomes 8.45 m2/ g, similar to that of artificial graphite, which shows promising results of 217 mAh/g at a current density of 0.02 A/g for using in Lithium ion battery electrode.

The insulating nature of elemental sulfur has been regarded as a major challenge limiting the electrochemical performance of Li–S batteries. Consequently, previous efforts have focused on developing conductive porous materials to enhance sulfur contact. In this study, we review this conventional assumption and demonstrate that the insulating property of sulfur is not the primary factor affecting Li–S battery performance. Instead, we introduce a novel sulfur host design using polar mesoporous carbon (p-MC), which possesses ultra-low electrical conductivity (6.45 × 10− 7 S cm− 1) and functional groups. Our results demonstrate that all sulfur particles within the nearly insulating p-MC matrix actively participate in electrochemical reduction during the initial discharge. A comparative study with a nonpolar mesoporous carbon host, which features a similar porous structure but higher conductivity (1.07 × 10− 1 S cm− 1), showed that the p-MC host achieved superior cycling stability. This performance is attributed to the strong interaction between the polar functional groups of p-MC and lithium polysulfides, enabling effective and stable confinement of the active materials during cycling. Our findings highlight a paradigm shift in the design of sulfur host materials and the critical role of polar functionalities. This study offers a promising strategy for the development of durable and high-performance Li–S batteries.

This study presents the results of compression, drop impact, and vibration durability analyses conducted to evaluate the mechanical reliability of Battery Pack Cases (BPCs) in electric vehicle (EV) systems. BPCs are essential structural components that must endure compressive loads, impact forces, and vibrational fatigue. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was applied to a representative BPC model to assess deformation, impact resistance, and vibration endurance. The results indicate that the BPC maintained integrity within yield strength limits under compressive loading and effectively absorbed energy under drop impact. Furthermore, Power Spectral Density (PSD) analysis identified stress concentration regions, providing insights for structural optimization. Overall, the findings support the development of lightweight and reliable BPC designs for advanced EV applications.

This study presents a non-invasive method for current estimation using the voltage drop across automotive MICRO-2 fuses. Unlike conventional techniques that require additional hardware, the proposed approach utilizes the inherent milliohm-level resistance of fuses, enabling current monitoring without circuit modification. Experiments were performed on 7.5[A] A fuses to analyze resistance variations with rating, temperature, and contact position. Based on these results, a current estimation model with temperature and tolerance correction was developed. Validation showed that the optimized resistance model (Ropt) achieved the lowest error (MAE: 0.0197 A, MAPE: 0.84%), demonstrating the feasibility of fuse-based current sensing for real vehicle applications and leakage current diagnostics.

In this study, composite pouch films incorporating ionite were fabricated, and their structural properties as well as temperature variations during charge–discharge cycles were evaluated to examine their applicability as heat-suppression pouch films for secondary batteries. The films were prepared using a film coater (Coretech, CT-AF300), with variations in ionite content and particle size. In addition, the effects of plasma treatment on the surface state of PET films were investigated to enhance coating adhesion, with the aim of determining the optimal fabrication conditions. Furthermore, an infrared thermal imaging camera and a custom-built test device were employed to measure the temperature differences with and without the pouch films during charge– discharge processes, thereby assessing the potential of developing next-generation high-performance pouch films.

All-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) has been considered as a promising candidate for the construction of renewable energy storage system. Expanded graphite possesses immense potential for use as typical bipolar plates in VRFB stacks. Nevertheless, the pure expanded graphite bipolar plates suffer from severe swelling in electrolyte, resulting in the losses of mechanical stability and electrical conductivity, thus leading to the efficiency decay within several cycles. Herein, we present a “nanoglue” strategy for tuning the structure/surface properties of expanded graphite by employing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer as structural sealant. Such PVDF “nanoglue” on expanded graphite results in the fine-repairment toward the surface microcracks and cross-section edges, which is beneficial to suppress the electrolyte permeation and improve the anti-swelling capacity. Moreover, it has been found that the PVDF “nanoglue” can improve the flexibility, allowing for the fabrication of ultrathin bipolar plates (0.67 mm) with low electrical resistivity. Benefiting from these integrated characteristics, the VRFB employing the as-fabricated composite bipolar plates delivers excellent cyclic efficiencies (voltage efficiency, coulombic efficiency, and energy efficiency) and ultralow ohmic voltage loss of less than 1.1 mV (< 0.1% of the VRFB rated voltage of 1.25 V) at a high current density of 200 mA cm− 2.

온실가스 배출을 줄이기 위해 기존 선박에 사용되는 내연기관을 대체할 수 있는 다양한 기술이 제안되고 있으며, 그중에서도 고 효율·무배출 특성을 가진 연료전지가 유망한 대안으로 주목받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 선박의 종류 및 규모에 따라 네 가지 유형의 선박을 선정하고, 기존 내연기관 기반 추진 시스템을 연료전지-배터리 하이브리드 추진 시스템으로 전환하는 방안을 검토하였다. 제안된 하이브리 드 추진 시스템은 주 전원으로 고분자전해질막연료전지(PEMFC), 보조 전원으로 Battery를 사용한다. PEMFC가 기본 부하(base load)를 담당하 고, Battery는 피크 부하(peak load)를 담당한다. PEMFC는 50kW 스택을 기본 단위로 모듈화하여 적용하였으며, 시스템 전체 크기, 연료전지와 배터리의 비율, 주변 기기와의 연계 등을 고려하여 각 선박 유형에 적합한 시스템 구성을 도출하였다. 연구 결과, 선박의 종류와 운항 특성 에 따라 PEMFC-Battery hybrid propulsion system의 구성이 달라져야 함을 확인하였다. 항해가 길어질수록 PEMFC의 비중을 높이는 것이 필요 하며 액화수소의 사용이 강제화된다. 또한 항해 구역과 긴급 상황에 대응할 수 있도록 시스템의 단일/이중화 여부 또한 고려되어야 한다. 선 박 규모에 따라 적정한 추진 전동기와 주변 기기 설치를 고려해야 한다. 이러한 운항 조건과 설계 요소를 반영한 PEMFC-Battery hybrid propulsion system은 다가오는 배출 규제를 충족할 수 있으며, 해양 분야 탈탄소화를 위한 실현 가능한 대안이 될 수 있다.

In this study, the shape of the exterior, not the inside of the product, was modified. Various exterior shape change plans were compared and reviewed through injection molding analysis, and among them, the most effective shape for suppressing warpage deformation was derived. The shape of the product was modified to optimize the bending deformation of the cover located at the top of the automobile battery case. The analysis was conducted under a total of three conditions, each of shape A, which is a rectangular parallelepiped shape at the top of the product, and shape B, which is concave on the side of the product. As a result of the study, both shape A and shape B were reduced compared to the amount of bending deformation of the original shape. Among them, shape B2, which showed the largest reduction, decreased by 82.096% from the amount of bending deformation of the original shape.

Manganese dioxide, functioning as a cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs), demonstrates a variety of benefits, such as elevated theoretical specific capacity, outstanding electrochemical performance, environmental compatibility, ample resource availability, and facile modification. These advantages make MnO2 one of the cathode materials that have attracted much attention for AZIBs. Nevertheless, manganese dioxide cathode in practical applications suffers from structural instability during the cycling process because of sluggish electrochemical kinetics and volume expansion, which hinder their large-scale application. Doping and compositing with conducting frameworks is an effective strategy for improving structural stability. Herein, homogeneously in situ growth of Yttrium-doped MnO2 nanorods on conductive reduced graphene oxide (Y-MnO2/rGO), were synthesized through a straightforward hydrothermal method. The Y-MnO2/rGO electrodes have an ultra-long cycle life of 179.2 mA h g− 1 after 2000 cycles at 1 A g− 1 without degradation. The excellent structural stability is attributed to the cooperative effect of yttrium doping and compositing with rGO, which is an effective approach to enhance the stability and mitigate the Jahn–Teller distortion associated with Mn ions.

본 연구는 중국의 선도적인 이차 전지 기업인 CATL을 사례로 하여, 기술 혁신 능력의 발전 과정을 기술 격차, 기술 효율, 기술 축적의 세 가지 핵심 차원을 중심으로 분석하는 데 목적이 있다. 특히 2011년부터 2024년까지의 연차 보고서, 언론 보도, 산업 자료 등을 바탕으로, CATL 의 기술 진화 경로를 모방 - 창조적 모방 - 자주 혁신이라는 세 단계로 구분하고, 각 단계에서 외부 환경과 기술 역량 간의 상호작용을 동적 능 력 이론 틀 내에서 고찰하였다. 또한 본 연구는 구매자, 공급자, 경쟁자, 정부, 기술이라는 외부 환경 요소와 기술 혁신의 내생적 요인 간 통합 모델을 구성하고, 그 분석을 통해 CATL이 기술 격차 축소, 효율 향상, 기술 축적을 어떻게 실현하였는지를 규명하였다. 본 연구는 CATL의 사 례를 통해 급변하는 글로벌 배터리 산업에서 기술 후발 기업이 어떻게 전략적으로 대응하고 성장할 수 있는지를 보여주며, 향후 한국을 포함한 타 국가의 유사 산업 및 기업에 실질적인 시사점을 제공한다.

환경 문제가 대두되면서 전기자동차에 대한 수요가 증가하게 되고, 이에 따라 폐배터리 처리 기술이 각광받고 있다. 폐배터리를 재 활용하는 대신 재사용하기 위해서는 배터리 성능 검증 기술의 중요성도 커지고 있다. 배터리 성능 검증 기술은 시간을 단축하는 동시 에 정확도를 높이는 데 집중해야 한다. 본 논문에서는 배터리 전기화학 분광법을 활용해 배터리 방전 전압 그래프를 얻고 배터리 성능 을 예측하는 다중물리 분석을 활용하고자 한다. 본 논문에서는 임피던스 매칭 기법을 활용해 배터리 방전 특성을 제어하고 이를 통해 방전 그래프를 얻는 기법을 제안한다. 제안하는 기법에서는 배터리를 실제로 완전 충전 및 방전하지 않고 단시간 동안 임피던스만 측 정해 전압 곡선 데이터를 추출한다. 이를 검증하기 위해 실제 데이터와 분석 데이터의 매칭을 수행했다. 이러한 접근 방식은 배터리 성능을 예측하고 최적화하는 데 적용될 수 있으며, 향후 에너지 저장 시스템의 설계 및 운영 최적화에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.