PURPOSES : In this study, we aim to broaden the understanding of the factors influencing the accuracy of WIM systems for overload enforcement. Particularly, we explored the proportions and causes of secondary influencing factors (driving path, vehicle class, and acceleration), which have been relatively less studied and reduced the accuracy of the WIM system. METHODS : Overload enforcement data were recorded by the WIM system, and enforcement officers were gathered. The ratios of each data point, which are the relative errors, are used to estimate the accuracy of the WIM system. These relative errors were classified into four driving-path groups, four vehicle-class groups, and three acceleration groups. The change in the accuracy of the WIM system caused by each influencing factor was analyzed by comparing the difference in the average relative error between the classified groups. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Welch's ANOVA were used to determine significant differences between groups. RESULTS : Vehicles departing from a normal driving path make it difficult for the GVW compensation algorithm of the WIM system to operate properly. For these abnormal paths, the standard deviation of the average GVW relative error was 22%. There was no specific trend in the difference in accuracy by vehicle class. However, we found that the rear axle and retractable axle were the main causes of the reduced GVW accuracy in each vehicle class. The average GVW relative error remained the same regardless of the acceleration, but the average FAW relative error of the accelerated vehicle was approximately 2.5% lower than that of the unaccelerated vehicle. CONCLUSIONS : An abnormal driving path, lifting of a retractable axle, and rapid acceleration (or deceleration) reduce the accuracy of WIM systems. Intelligent transportation systems, such as traffic signals, telematics devices, and applications that induce desirable driving are required for effective overload enforcement. Additionally, it is necessary to smoothen the road pavement to minimize the dynamic effects on the rear axle.

PURPOSES : This study is performed first to define the aging of road facilities and to analyze the effects of environmental factors on the deterioration of median barriers. METHODS : The aging of road facilities is defined using an analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The first stage is associated with the period, facilities, and maintenance, whereas the second stage is associated with the details. The effects of environmental factors on the deterioration are analyzed by measuring the carbonation depth and compression strength. Two regions, i.e., Gangwon and Busan, are compared separately. Top, middle, and bottom samples are analyzed for both regions. RESULTS : Based on the result of the AHP analysis, weights for period (0.220), function (0.410), and maintenance (0.370) are derived. The average carbonation depths are 11.12 and 9.78 mm for Kangwon and Busan, respectively. The estimated values of compressive strength at Gangwon are 19.7 MPa (Wonju), 24.7 MPa (Samcheok A), and 25.9 MPa (Samcheok B), 20.2 MPa (Haeundae), 23.8 MPa (Yeongdo), and 29.5 MPa (Nam). CONCLUSIONS : The aging of road facilities is associated with subpar functionality and durability. Furthermore, the median barriers constructed in the Gangwon region deteriorated more significantly than those in the Busan region owing to environmental factors. In addition, the bottom samples are more affected by aging than the top samples.

Recently Korea and China’s logistics industry developed rapidly. Because two countries’ industry have complementarity, there are broad basis and area for cooperation between China and Korea. This study compares and analyzes the logistics development trends and competitiveness of two countries, and suggests mutual win-win logistics cooperation between the two countries based on macro cooperation of government and micro cooperation of enterprises. This is important for the two countries to participate in the global supply chain system, promote regional cooperation in Northeast Asia, and enhance the efficiency and competitiveness of the logistics industry.

Logistics standardization not only stands for logistics industry competitiveness, but also it is core competitive power. And Logistics industry makes smooth the exchange of goods, service and information in improving economic efficiency. Logistics cooperation between Korea and China becomes important issue because it has strategic meaning for two countries’ benefit. Korea and China should reform logistics standardization and cooperate each other. This study based on analysing the China’s logistics standardization policy, and comparison of ywo countries’ logistics standardization, explored the alternatives of its cooperation between Korea and China in the new perspective.

port is the intersection of highway, railway, waterway and other transportation modes, and is the key to realizing integrated transportation. There are many excellent ports around the Tumen River Region. With the obvious location advantages, Tumen River Region is an important part of Tumen River regional cooperation and development, and is the key to realizing the “borrow port to sea”, which is raised in “China Tumen River regional cooperation and development planning outline -- regard Changjitu area as the development and opening leading area” (referred to as “planning outline”). This paper focus on the main ports in the Tumen River region, taking them as the research object. Furthermore, the paper makes the strategic plan for the port cluster in the Tumen River region as well as puts a collaboration scheme is proposed by analyzing the research reviews of the Tumen River region and the present situations of the main ports.

무궁화를 정원식물로 가꾸고 있는 세계 각국의 식재 현황과 노지재배가 가능한 식재한계지대를 구명하기 위하여 현지답사와 전문가 탐문, Georeferencer service, 각국의 주요식물원을 대상으로 실시한 설문조사, 각종 문헌과 현지 사진분석 등을 종합한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 우리나라에서 가장 높은 고도에서 자라고 있는 무궁화는 강원도 평창군 진부면 해발 710m 지점이었고 지금까지 확인된 가장 고위도 지역의 무궁화는 북한의 평양에 식재된 것으로 조사되었다. 2. 무궁화의 원산지로 추정되고 있는 아시아대륙의 식재 한계선은 Shandongsheng(山東省)의 Qindao(靑島), Jinan(濟南), Hebeisheng(河北省)에 있는 Beijing (北京), Shanshusheng(山西省)의 Xian(西安), Hanzhong (漢中), Sichuansheng(泗川省)의 Shengtu(成都), Yunnamsheng (雲南 省)의 Lijiang(麗江), Baoshan(保山), Jinghong(景洪)을 잇는 선의 동쪽이었고 Quangdongsheng(廣東省)의 Taishan(臺山), Hongkong (香港), Zhejiiangsheng(浙江省)의 Ningbo(宁波)를 잇는 선이었다. 대륙의 동해안쪽은 Taiwan(臺灣) 남쪽 끝의 Kaoshung(高雄), 북쪽의 Taipei(臺北), 일본의 Shendai(仙臺)와 북해도를 잇는 선이었다. 3. Europe 대륙에서 가장 북쪽 끝 부분에서 자라는 무궁화는 Sweden의 Stockholm에 식재되어 있는 것으로서 정확한 위치는 북위 58.4도, 동경 18.0도 지점이었고 서유럽의 경우에는 Portugal의 Lisboa와 Spain의 Valencia, 서남유럽에서는 Greece의 Agion Oros(40.5N, 24.3E)이었다. 4. 중동지역에서는 Syria의 Palmyra (35.0N, 38.5E)와 Israel의 Jerusalem(31.4N, 35.1E), 지중해 연안에는 Slovenia에서 Albania까지 식재되어 있으며 서남아시아 지역에서는 Azerbaijan과 Geogia 그리고 Armenia 등 Cocasus지 방에서 재배되고 있었다. 5. 북아메리카 지역에서는 Canada의 Vancouver에서 Colorado주의 Denver, Kansas주의 Kansas city, Illinois주의 Chicago, Michigan주의 Detroit, New York 주의 Swego와 Burlington, Messachusetts주의 Boston을 잇는 선의 남쪽이었는데 Canada의 Toronto에서도 생육이 잘 되고 있음이 확인되었다. 한편 중남미에는 Mexico, Cuba, Haiti, Pueto Rico, 남아메리카 대륙에서는 Argentina의 Olavarria(36.9S, 60.3W)에 심겨진 것이 가장 남쪽지역에서 자라는 것으로 나타났다. 6. Australia에서는 Melbourne으로부터 Gold Coast까지, 그리고 New Zealand에서는 Auckland와 Wellington에 심겨져 있는 것을 확인하였다. 한편 Africa 대륙에서는 South Africa의 Johannesburg(26.6S, 27.4E)에 심겨져 있는 것으로 조사되었는데 Africa지역은 앞으로 좀더 연구가 진행되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구의 목적은 예부터 약재로 사용되며 식품원재료 데이터베이스에 등재되어 있는 국내 산림 자생식물 9종의 항산화 효능을 평가하여 기능성 식품원료로서의 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 식물 9종의 잎, 줄기 및 잔가지 부위를 70% 에탄올을 사용하여 추출한 후, 항산화 활성 (DPPH, ABTS, 아질산염, hydrogen peroxide 라디칼 소거능, reducing power activity)을 측정하였으며, 그 결과 이질풀이 그 외 다른 식물 추출물보다 항산화 활성이 우수한 것을 확인하였다. 또한 총 폴리페놀, 플라보노이드 및 프로안토시아니딘 분석을 통해 이들의 항산화 성분의 함량을 측정하고자 하였다. 폴리페놀 함량은 이질풀에 이어서 가중나무, 찔레나무, 까마귀머루 순으로 많았으며, 플라보노이드 함량은 찔레나무, 까마귀머루, 까치밥나무, 머위가 많이 함유하고 있음을 확인하였다. 프로안토시아니 딘 함량은 까마귀머루, 다래, 까치밥나무, 찔레나무가 다른 식물 추출물에 비해 많은 함유량을 나타내어, 식물의 종에 따라 항산화 성분이 상이하게 존재하는 것을 확인하였다. 피부 섬유아세포를 이용하여 세포 독성을 평가한 결 과, 9종의 식물 추출물 모두 50, 100 및 200 μg/mL 농도 에서 독성을 나타내지 않았다. 또한 hydrogen peroxide로 피부 섬유아세포에 산화적 스트레스를 유도한 상태에서 XTT assay와 H2-DCFDA 염색을 통해 식물 추출물의 세포 생장률 및 세포 내 ROS 발생률을 측정한 결과, 이질풀을 포함 한 9종의 식물 추출물에서 농도 의존적인 세포 보호 효과를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 9종의 산림식물(머위, 뱀딸기, 찔레나무, 까치밥나무, 말오줌때, 가중 나무, 까마귀머루, 이질풀, 다래)은 추후 항산화에 도움을 주는 건강기능식품으로의 적용 및 항미백 효과로 인한 천연 화장품 소재로서 그 활용도가 넓을 것으로 예상된다. 특히 이질풀의 경우 본 연구를 바탕으로 하여 해당 작용 기전 등을 탐구하는 심화 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.