Vulnerable populations in healthcare facilities are more sensitive to exposure to indoor air pollutants, and therefore are more affected by such pollutants than the general population. This was the underlying reason why studies of indoor air pollutant concentration distribution and health risk assessment have been conducted targeting facilities, such as daycare centers, medical facilities, elderly care facilities, and postnatal care centers. However, previous studies have mainly focused on daycare and medical facilities for their research, and relatively speaking, studies conducted on the other venues are lacking. Therefore, this study aims to present the current status of indoor air quality and perform a health risk assessment in regard to Formaldehyde exposure at postnatal care centers and elderly care facilities. Here, the study focused on facilities that had undergone pollution level inspections from January 2017 to December 2021. A total of 81 postnatal care centers and 48 elderly care facilities were selected as the subject of the study. Then, the study utilized concentrations of five elements (CO2, HCHO, PM10, PM2.5, TBC) to determine the status of indoor air quality of both postnatal care centers and elderly care facilities. For health risk assessment, HCHO concentration was used. The investigation demonstrated that the yearly average concentration of the five elements stood within the indoor air quality maintenance standards, and the ratio of PM2.5 to PM10 in the two types of facilities was distributed as high as about 70%. In addition, the study showed that HCHO and TBC demonstrated a positive correlation when the relationship between indoor temperature and humidity with the five elements was examined. The health risk assessment showed that the cancer risk level of postnatal care center users stood below 10-6, below the level that is perceived as an acceptable risk. The cancer risk of workers from both postnatal care centers and elderly care facilities and elderly care facility users exceeded the acceptable risk level of 10-6, but was shown to be below 10-4, the maximum acceptable risk.

This study analyzed the effect of workers' socio-psychological burden factors on musculoskeletal disorders. A survey was conducted targeting office and field workers in the Seoul metropolitan area. Analysis was performed using the results of 357 surveys out of 400 surveys. The analysis results were derived as follows. First, the socio-psychological burden factor did not show statistically significant results for musculoskeletal disorders. Second, it was found that job stress factors also had a positive effect on musculoskeletal disorders. Third, social psychological burden factors were found to be more positive than office workers than field workers. Fourth, there was a statistically significant correlation between job stress and musculoskeletal disease risk scores. From the above results, job stress factors affect musculoskeletal disease risk factors (work frequency, pain level, and duration) and the increase in musculoskeletal disorders and the number of accidents.

Interest in eco-friendly materials with high efficiencies is increasing significantly as science and technology undergo a paradigm shift toward environment-friendly and sustainable development. MXenes, a class of two-dimensional inorganic compounds, are generally defined as transition metal carbides or nitrides composed of few-atoms-thick layers with functional groups. Recently MXenes, because of their desirable electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties that emerge from conductive layered structures with tunable surface terminations, have garnered significant attention as promising candidates for energy storage applications (e.g., supercapacitors and electrode materials for Li-ion batteries), water purification, and gas sensors. In this review, we introduce MXenes and describe their properties and research trends by classifying them into two main categories: transition metal carbides and nitrides, including Ti-based MXenes, Mo-based MXenes, and Nb-based MXenes.

This paper presents a real-time, false-pick filter based on deep learning to reduce false alarms of an onsite Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) system. Most onsite EEW systems use P-wave to predict S-wave. Therefore, it is essential to properly distinguish P-waves from noises or other seismic phases to avoid false alarms. To reduce false-picks causing false alarms, this study made the EEWNet Part 1 'False-Pick Filter' model based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Specifically, it modified the Pick_FP (Lomax et al.) to generate input data such as the amplitude, velocity, and displacement of three components from 2 seconds ahead and 2 seconds after the P-wave arrival following one-second time steps. This model extracts log-mel power spectrum features from this input data, then classifies P-waves and others using these features. The dataset consisted of 3,189,583 samples: 81,394 samples from event data (727 events in the Korean Peninsula, 103 teleseismic events, and 1,734 events in Taiwan) and 3,108,189 samples from continuous data (recorded by seismic stations in South Korea for 27 months from 2018 to 2020). This model was trained with 1,826,357 samples through balancing, then tested on continuous data samples of the year 2019, filtering more than 99% of strong false-picks that could trigger false alarms. This model was developed as a module for USGS Earthworm and is written in C language to operate with minimal computing resources.

EMI(Electro Magnetic Interference) is a very important factor to consider in electronic equipment. For EMI coating, it is applied to the sputtering electronic equipment housing made by PEEK. The question arises that there may be physical changes in the PEEK material due to heat generated during sputtering. During sputtering inside the chamber, the degree of temperature due to the heat was measured indirectly, and characteristics such as bending capacity, tensile strength, impact strength, flexural strength were measured to understand physical changes. Tensile strength and the flexural strength increased by 14.5 to 18 compared to the base group. And the impact strength of the un-notched specimens was increased. Overall, there has been no change in the physical properties of PEEK due to heat generated during sputtering deposition.

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are generally defined as solid solutions containing at least 5 constituent elements with concentrations between 5 and 35 atomic percent without the formation of intermetallic compounds. Currently, HEAs receive great attention as promising candidate materials for extreme environments due to their potentially desirable properties that result from their unique structural properties. In this review paper, we aim to introduce HEAs and explain their properties and related research by classifying them into three main categories, namely, mechanical properties, thermal properties, and electrochemical properties. Due to the high demand for structural materials in extreme environments, the mechanical properties of HEAs including strength, hardness, ductility, fatigue, and wear resistance are mainly described. Thermal and electrochemical properties, essential for the application of these alloys as structural materials, are also described.

The purpose of this study is to expression pattern of melanogenesis associate genes on cultured melanocyte layer cells in Korean Brindle Cattle(Dark, Brindle and Yellow) were analyzed to evaluate the effects of sex hormones on the control of melanogenesis pathways. Korean Brindle Cattle(Dark, Brindle and Yellow) melanocyte in the skin cells was collected. after the addition of estrogen and testosterone, the culture was analyzed for expression of cell activity and melanin genes for 72 hours. For the analysis of estrogen in different coat color other than the melanogenesis-related genes it is increasingly yellow showed low expression. in particular, the cells of the brindle coat color is low active and expression of genes. However, the testosterone was low, the expression of cell activity inhibiting MMP-2. the expression of melanin genes actually showed a tendency to increase gradually, which is testosterone compared with the estrogen to be considered that affect the skin cell layer brindle coat color. In this study, stimulation with estrogen triggered the inhibition of MC1R of the melanocyte in brindle coat color, but testosterone is induced MC1R in melanocyte. Therefore, considered the eumelanin or phaeomelanin activation are controlled caused by differential expression of sex hormones on melanocyte in Korean Brindle Cattle.

초파리와 같이 유충의 영양섭취가 암컷의 먹이 선택에 달려있는 종의 경우, 암컷은 자기 자신과 자손들의 영양을모두 고려하여 먹이를 선택해야한다. 이 연구에서는 초파리가 여러 영양비율과 표면의 물리적 파임 유무의 먹이가주어졌을 때 어떤 선택을 하는지 알아보기 위한 실험을 하였다. 먼저 짝짓기를 완료한 암컷 초파리들에게 4가지P:C ratio의 먹이 선택지를 하루 동안 제공 하였다 (4:1, 1:1, 1:4, 1:16). 1:1과 1:4에서 산란양이 가장 많다는 것을확인하였다. 그런데 이 실험에서 의도치 않았던 먹이의 기포 자국에 초파리의 산란양이 집중되어 있다는 것을확인하였다. 이어진 실험에서는 먹이 표면에 3개의 줄을 그어준 먹이와 표면이 평평한 먹이를 전 실험에서 초파리들이가장 선호하던 두 가지 영양비율로 암컷 초파리들에게 하루 동안 제공하였다. 표면에 줄이 있던 먹이들의 산란양이표면이 평평한 먹이들의 산란양보다 영양 비율과 무관하게 10배 이상 많다는 것을 확인하였다.

This study was conducted to report the census survey results of south Korean Chikso (Korean Brindle Cattle) distribution and to diagnose the current coat color expression patterns. Two years Chikso census showed that there were 2,413 Chikso in 2013 and 2,754 in 2014 in south Korea. Number of animals between 0 to 35 months of age was 1,632 heads in 2014 which comprised 59% of total Chikso population size. The percentages of animals between 36 ~ 71 months of age and over 6 years of age were 31% and 10% of total. Out of 2,416 animals with class numbers assessed by their coat colors, 1,249 heads (52%) were in group I (with black stripes, class no. 1 ~ 3) and the others (class no. 4 ~ 7) were in group II (1,167 heads, 48%). Among the 1,551 animals that were photographed twice in 2013 and in 2014, 226 animals were assessed different coat color class numbers, and round 90% of which were within the ages less than 48 months. The number of animals switched in coat color pattern groups over a year was 56, which was 3.6% of total number of animals on survey. And around 88% of the animals switched in group category was of the animals younger than 24 months of age. Therefore, we conclude that the coat color pattern becomes rather stable at around 24 months of age in Chikso populaion in south Korea.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) and abdominal expansion maneuver (AEM) on trunk stabilization, as well as trunk muscle activities and differences in quadruple visual analogue scale, Korean Oswestry Disability Index, and Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire scores, in patients with chronic low back pain and lumbar spine instability. To increase intra-abdominal pressure during the trunk stabilization exercise, the technique of pushing the abdomen out using diaphragmatic abdominal breathing suggested by Pavel Koral was used, which we termed the AEM. Fifty patients who tested positive on more than three of the five lumbar spine instability tests were separated from 138 patients with chronic low back pain of these patients, 16 were placed in the control group (trunk stabilization exercise), 17 were placed in the ADIM group (trunk stabilization exercise with ADIM), and 17 were placed in the AEM group (trunk stabilization exercise with AEM). Each group participated in the study for 30 minutes three times weekly for 4 weeks. Surface electromyography was used to measure the trunk muscle activities during the kneeling forward and supine bridging positions, and one-way repeated analysis of variance was used to determine the statistical significance of the trunk muscle activities in the rectus abdominis, internal oblique (IO), erector spinae, and multifidus (MF) muscles. The ADIM and AEM groups showed relatively larger improvements in psychosocial and functional disability level than control group. There were significant changes among the three groups, those from the measured values of the AEM group was significantly higher than the other two groups in changes in IO and MF trunk muscle activities (p＜05). This finding demonstrates that trunk stabilization exercises with AEM is more effective than ADIM for increasing trunk deep muscle activity of chronic low back pain patients with lumbar spine instability.

To describe the macroscopic anatomy and ovarian-physiological difference of the genital organs of the female Korean water deer, organs from captured animals in a wild area of Korea were dissected. The ovary of estrus group was about 1.10 ± 0.02 mm long and weighed about 0.50 ± 0.02 g. And pregnant group was about 1.3 ± 0.10 mm long and weighed about 0.40 ± 0.05 g. And the crowns of corpora lutea were found in the estrus group, but we couldn't find crowns at the pregnant group. Especially, the estrus ovaries tended (p=0.04) to be heavier than the ovaries during pregnancy. The MMP-9 activity was higher at the Graafian follicles of pregnant group than that in estrus group. However, with regard to follicles of estrus group, MMP-2 level was higher than that in pregnant group. Furthermore, apoptosis detection marker (Casp-3) was highly expressed in Graafian follicle of the pregnant group and the corpora lutea of estrus group. Thus, the differential expression of MMPs observed in this study suggests that the reflected the mechanisms underlying of monovulatory in estrus and/or pregnancy. Our results may be very useful as it provides with information that may be considered for the development of reproductive biotechnologies in endangered animals.

Bovine coat color is decided by the melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R) genotype mutation and melanogenesis. Specially, in the various cattle breeds, dominant black coat color is expressed by dominant genotype of ED, red or brown is expressed in the frame shift mutation of recessive homozygous e by base pair deletion and wild type of E+ is expressed in various coat colors. However, not very well known about the effected of MC1R genotype mutation on the coat color through family lines in KBC. Therefore, this study were to investigate effect of MC1R genotype mutation on the coat color, and to suggest mating breed system in accordance with of MC1R genotype for increased on brindle coat color appearance. Parents (sire 2 heads and dam 3 heads) and offspring (total : 54 heads) from crossbreeding in KBC family line with the MC1R genotype and phenotype records were selected as experimental animals. The relationship between melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) genotypes expression verified by PCR-RFLP, and brindle coat color appearance to the family line of the cross mating breed from MC1R genotype pattern was determined. As a result, 4MC1R genetic variations, E+/E+ (sire 1), E+/e (sire 2 and dam 3), E+/e with 4 bands of 174, 207 and 328 bp (dam 1) and E+/e with 3 bands of 174, 207, 328 and 535 bp (dam 2) from parents (sire and dam) of KBC. However, 3 genetic variations, e/e (24%), E+/E+ (22%) and E+/e (56%) were identified in offspring. Also, brindle coat color expressrated was the e/e with the 0%, E+/E+ with 67% and E+/e with 77% from MC1R genotype in offspring on the cross mating of KBC. Furthermore, when the sire had E+/e genotype and the dam had E+/E+ with the 3 bands or E+/e genotype, and both had whole body-brindle coat color, 62% of the offspring had whole body-brindle coat color. Therefore, the seresults, the mating system from MC1R genotype patterns of the sires (E+/e) and dams (E+/E+ with the 3 bands or E+/e) with brindle coat color may have the highest whole body-brindle coat color expression in their offspring.

The present study was conducted to compare on embryo survival rates by blastomere isolation methods, and establish the optimal PCR procedure for perform the sexing of bovine blastocysts produced by IVF. IVF embryos used in the study was used the Bisected or Sliced methods for blastomere isolation, and the survival rates of blastocyst with rapid way of sexing PCR was assessed. In the present study for survival rates in blastocyst was the total cleavage rate was 75% and a blastocyst development among cleaved embryos was 40%. Survival rate of embryos treated with intact, bisected or sliced method was 100, 63.3 or 81.3%, respectively. Therefore, survival rate of embryos treated with sliced method was higher compared to that of embryos treated with bisected method. The sexing rate of female or male was not significantly different between S4BFBR primer and BSY + BSP primer (1.75 : 1 vs. 1.43 : 1), respectively. Because of the PCR amplification using the S4BFBR primer was simpler method than multiplex PCR amplification method. Furthermore, the accuracy of sexing rate and reduction of PCR work time between 2-step and 3-step of PCR methods was 98.0% / 1.5 hr and 97.0% / 3.5 hr, respectively. Based on these results, it can be suggested that the sliced and PCR methods we developed was very effective method to reduce time consuming and procedure of PCR amplification for sexing with the increase of survival rate on the blastocyst.

Glycol ethers는 페인트에 흔히 사용되는 ethylene glycol의 alkyl ethers에 기반을 둔 용제들이다. 이 용제들은 일반적으로 저분자량 에테르와 알코올의 용제 친화적 성질과 더불어 더 높은 비등점을 가지고 있다. Union Carbide Corp.는 "Glycol ethers"를 하나의 미국 상표로 등록했으며, 이는 제약, 자외선차단제, 화장품, 잉크, 염료 및 수성페인트에서 찾아볼 수 있다. 반면 glycol ethers는 그리스 제거제, 세제, 에어로졸 페인트와 접착제에서도 발견된다. 대부분의 glycol ethers는 수용성, 생분해성이며, 아주 적은 수의 glycol ethers만이 유독성이라고 여겨진다. 그러므로 glycol ethers는 환경에 부작용을 낳을 것 같지는 않다. 최근 연구는 glycol ethers에 작업상 노출되는 것이 남성 정자의 저 운동성과 연관이 되어 있다고 제시했지만, 이는 다른 이들에 의해 반박되어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 3가지 종류의 glycol ethers의 피부침투성에 관해 용제와 세제의 조합을 사용하여 시험관을 통해 연구한다. Methyl glycol ethers, ethyl glycol ethers and butyl glycol ethers의 흡수는 쥐의 피부를 통해 시험관에서 측정되었다. Epidermal membranes는 Franz diffusion cells에 세워졌으며, 그들의 PBS 침투율은 glycol ethers가 epidermal surface에 적용되기 전, 피부의 보전을 위해 처리하였다. 개별 glycol ethers의 흡수율은 최대 흡수 파장(λmax)에서 흡광도를 측정하여 결정하였으며, 침투율의 측정은 esters와의 접촉을 이유로 장벽 기능 내 불가역 변화를 정량화하였다. 시험관 실험 결과 glycol ethers의 종류는 methyl glycol ethers 〉 ethyl glycol ethers 〉 butyl glycol ethers의 순에 따라 빠르게 나타났다. 피부침투는 저분자량 피부침투, 친수성과 같은 화학적구조의 차이에서 유익했다. 이는 분배계수와 용해 방법 및 수동확산이 전달이 고려되는 곳에서 속도를 올렸기 때문이다.

칡소의 고유유전자표현형 방식은 E+/E+와 E+/e 2개의 유전자형만이 출현하고, e/e 유 전자형을 가지는 개체는 전혀 출현하지 않아 제주재래흑우에서와 같이 흑색 호반모가 발 현되기 위해서는 기본적으로 E+ allele이 필요한 것으로 보고됨에 따라 본 연구는 수정란 이식 기법을 이용한 울릉칡소 특화단지 조성 연구용역에 의해 생산되어진 칡소의 모색발 현의 현황에 대해 조사하여 칡소의 우량유전자원의 선발과 증식을 통하여 칡소의 고정과 복원을 위해 실시되었다. 조사에 공시한 칡소는 2007년 수정란 이식 기법을 이용한 칡소 울릉특화단지 조성 연 구용역에 의해서 생산되어진 칡소를 대상으로 실시하였으며, 수정란 이식 후 임신 5-6개 월에 울릉관내 농가에 입식된 한우에서 생산된 칡소(이하 입식우) 159두와 울릉도 관내 의 한우에 칡소 수정란을 이식하여 생산된 칡소(이하 관내이식) 117두를 조사 대상으로 공시하였다. 먼저 울릉칡소의 모색 분포는 황모 24.3%(67/276두), 흑모 13.0%(36/276두) 와 호반모 62.7%(173/276두)의 분포를 보였으며, 입식우의 호반모 출현율이 66%(105/ 159두)로 관내이식에 의해 생산된 칡소의 호반모 비율 58.1%(68/117두)보다 다소 높은 경향이었으며, 성별에 따른 모색의 분포를 조사한 결과 수컷의 경우 황모의 비율이 18.1 %(25/ 138두)로 암컷의, 31.4%(43/137두)에 비해 출현율이 낮은 반면 호반모의 비율은 68.1% (94/138두)로 암컷의 56.9%(78/137두)에 비해 다소 높게 나타났다. 을릉도 칡소 모색 분포에 따른 조사를 바탕으로 비경의 흑반점의 강약에 따른 호반모 의 발현 양상을 분석한 결과 비경에 흑반점이 강한 개체들 중 호반모의 발현 정도를 분 석한 결과 호반모 1, 호반모 2, 호반모 3, 호반모 4, 호반모 5의 비율이 각각 2.3% (3/ 109), 24.8%(27/109), 43.1%(47/109두), 19.3%(21/109두), 10.1%(11/109두)로 나타났으며 흑반점이 중인 개체는 각각 7.9%(3/38), 52.6%(20/38), 34.2%(13/38두), 5.3%(2/38두), 0 %(0/38두)로 나타났다. 또한, 흑반점이 약한 개체는 각각 42.5%(17/40두), 45%(18/40두), 7.5%(3/40두), 0%(0/40두), 5%(2/40두)로 나타났다. 이 결과로 미루어 볼 때 비경에 있는 흑반점의 강약이 호반모 발현에서 황모와 흑모의 비율에 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다.