This study was performed to evaluate the pollutants removal characteristics of two types of RBFs(Riverbank filtration, Riverbed filtration) intake facilities installed in Nakdong River and in Hwang River respectively. The capacity of each RBF is 45,000 ㎥/d for riverbank filtration intake facility and 3,500 ㎥/d for riverbed filtration intake facility. According to data collected in the riverbank filtration site, removal rate of each pollutant was about BOD(Biochemical oxygen demand) 52%, TOC(Total organic carbon) 57%, SS(Suspended solids) 44%, Total coliforms 99% correspondingly. Furthermore, Microcystins(-LR,-YR,-RR) were not found in riverbank filtered water compared to surface water in Nakdong River. DOC(Dissolved organic carbon) and Humics which are precursors of disinfection byproduct were also reported to be removed about 59% for DOC, 65% for Humics. Based on data analysis in riverbed filtration site in Hwang River, removal rate of each contaminant reaches to BOD 33.3%, TOC 38.5%, SS 38.9%, DOC 22.2%, UV254 21.2%, Total coliforms 73.8% respectively. Additionally, microplastics were also inspected that there was no obvious removal rate in riverbed filtered water compared to surface water in Hwang River.

Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3(LATP) is considered a promising material for all-solid-state lithium batteries owing to its high moisture stability, wide potential window (~6 V), and relatively high ion conductivity (10-3–10-4 S/cm). Solid electrolytes based on LATP are manufactured via sintering, using LATP powder as the starting material. The properties of the starting materials depend on the synthesis conditions, which affect the microstructure and ionic conductivity of the solid electrolytes. In this study, we synthesize the LATP powder using sol-gel and co-precipitation methods and characterize the physical properties of powder, such as size, shape, and crystallinity. In addition, we have prepared a disc-shaped LATP solid electrolyte using LATP powder as the starting material. In addition, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic measurements are conducted to analyze the grain size, microstructures, and ion conduction properties. These results indicate that the synthesis conditions of the powder are a crucial factor in creating microstructures and affecting the conduction properties of lithium ions in solid electrolytes.

Carbon fibers (CFs) are considered promising composite materials for various applications. However, the high cost of CFs (as much as $26 per kg) limits their practical use in the automobile and energy industries. In this study, we developed a continuous stabilization process for manufacturing low-cost CFs. We employed a textile-grade polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber as a low-cost precursor and UV irradiation technique to shorten the thermal stabilization time. We confirmed that UV irradiation on the textile-grade PAN fibers could lower the initial thermal stabilization temperature and also lead to a higher reaction. These resulted in a shorter overall stabilization time and enhancement of the tensile properties of textilegrade PAN-based CFs. Our study found that only 70 min of stabilization time with UV irradiation was required to prepare textile-grade PAN-based low-cost CFs with a tensile strength of 2.37 ± 0.22GPa and tensile modulus of 249 ± 5 GPa.

In this study, multilayered SnO nanoparticles are prepared using oleylamine as a surfactant at 165oC. The physical and chemical properties of the multilayered SnO nanoparticles are determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Interestingly, when the multilayered SnO nanoparticles are heated at 400oC under argon for 2 h, they become more efficient anode materials, maintaining their morphology. Heat treatment of the multilayered SnO nanoparticles results in enhanced discharge capacities of up to 584 mAh/g in 70 cycles and cycle stability. These materials exhibit better coulombic efficiencies. Therefore, we believe that the heat treatment of multilayered SnO nanoparticles is a suitable approach to enable their application as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

본 연구는 서울·경기 소재 65세 이상 노인 463명을 대상으로 신체활동 참여에 따른 체력요 인과 인지기능, 일상생활수행능력, 도구적 일상생활수행능력 및 심리적 변인에 대한 차이를 분석하였다. 수집 된 자료는 SPSS 25.0 통계프로그램을 이용하여 빈도분석, 신뢰도 분석, 독립 t-검증과 일원분산분 석 그리고 피어슨의 상관관계분석을 실시하였으며 모든 통계적 유의수준은 p<.05로 설정하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 노인의 신체활동 참여유무에 따라 체력, 인지기능, 일상생활수행능력, 도구적일상생활수행능력 및 심리적 변인인 우울과 삶의 질에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났으며, 신체활동에 참여하는 노인의 참여빈도에 따라 체력, 인지기능, ADL, IADL, 우울 및 삶의 질에 통계적 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 신체활동에 참여하는 노인의 참여시간에 따라 체력에서 통계적 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 둘째, 체력과 인지기능, ADL, IADL, 우울 및 삶의 질의 상관관계를 살펴본 결과 대부분의 요인에서 상관관계가 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 노인의 성공적인 노화와 자립적인 노후생활을 위해 신체활동을 포함한 체계적인 중재 전략의 개발이 필요하다.

Myelolipoma is a benign tumor consists of mature adipocyte and hematopoietic elements. Mostly, this tumor locates in adrenal gland and it also can be found in extra-adrenal area. However, intraosseous myelolipoma is extremely rare. The etiology of this tumor is unclear but some hypothesis proposed that altered mesenchymal stem cell functioning and hormonal events act together in the pathogenesis of myelolipoma. With radiographic view, myelolipoma shows similar characteristics of other fat-containing tumors. The histopathologic examination is necessary for the definite diagnosis. This case report includes a patient with intraosseous myelolipoma of maxilla and mandible and literature review about the clinical, histopathologic, and radiologic features of myelolipoma.

This study includes the clinical features of diabetic patients with fascial space infections of head and neck and those of non-diabetic patients. We retrospectively studied 62 patients who were treated for fascial space infections of the head and neck, and compared the patients’ background, the aetiology of the infection, clinical variables, laboratory values, and treatment process. Statistical analyses of the differences between groups were made with Student's t test, the chi square test, and analysis of variance, as appropriate. Diabetic patients had more spaces involved, had longer hospital stays, and developed more complications. The main microorganism of diabetic group was Klebsiella pneumonia and otherwise, Streptococcus spp. was for non-diabetic group. We conclude that diabetic patients are more likely to develop complications and it is necessary to consider about dominant microorganism when using medication for diabetes patients

이 연구는 한국-중국 북부 지역(35°-40°N, 110°-130°E)에서 영역평균 된 여름(6-8월) 강수량의 증가경향이 1990 년대 후반에 뚜렷하게 나타났음을 분석하였다. 따라서 한국-중국 북부지역에서 1998년 이후에 여름 강수량이 증가한 원 인을 알아보기 위해 1998-2012년 평균과 1981-1997년 평균 사이에 종관환경에 대한 차를 분석하였다. 850 hPa 유선 분석에서는 북태평양 지역과 호주 동쪽지역에서 거대한 고기압성 순환 아노말리가 강화되었다. 양반구에서 이러한 순환 아노말리에 의해 적도 중태평양으로부터 열대 서태평양에 편동풍 아노말리(무역풍 아노말리)가 강화되었다. 이는 라니 냐 해에 나타나는 순환 패턴의 아노말리였다. 200 hPa 유선에서는 남·북태평양 모두에서 거대한 저기압성 순환 아노말 리가 역시 강화되었다. 이러한 두 순환 아노말리에 의해 적도 중태평양 및 서태평양에서는 서풍의 아노말리가 강화되었 다. 이는 1990년대 후반 이후 한국-중국 북부 지역에서 여름 강수량의 증가가 라니냐 패턴과 연관되었으며, 이 결과는 결국 워커 순환의 강화로 이어졌다. 또한 최근 동아시아 지역에서는 적도 서태평양과 동아시아 중위도 지역에서 상승한 기류가 아열대 서태평양지역에서 하강하는 지역 해들리 순환이 강화되었다.

This study was conducted to report the census survey results of south Korean Chikso (Korean Brindle Cattle) distribution and to diagnose the current coat color expression patterns. Two years Chikso census showed that there were 2,413 Chikso in 2013 and 2,754 in 2014 in south Korea. Number of animals between 0 to 35 months of age was 1,632 heads in 2014 which comprised 59% of total Chikso population size. The percentages of animals between 36 ~ 71 months of age and over 6 years of age were 31% and 10% of total. Out of 2,416 animals with class numbers assessed by their coat colors, 1,249 heads (52%) were in group I (with black stripes, class no. 1 ~ 3) and the others (class no. 4 ~ 7) were in group II (1,167 heads, 48%). Among the 1,551 animals that were photographed twice in 2013 and in 2014, 226 animals were assessed different coat color class numbers, and round 90% of which were within the ages less than 48 months. The number of animals switched in coat color pattern groups over a year was 56, which was 3.6% of total number of animals on survey. And around 88% of the animals switched in group category was of the animals younger than 24 months of age. Therefore, we conclude that the coat color pattern becomes rather stable at around 24 months of age in Chikso populaion in south Korea.

In this study, we classified the structures into minor-damage column (URM), moderate-damage column (URO), and severe-damage column (URS), depending on the RC column of damage degree, and reinforced columns with the UHMWPE fiber in order to perform modeling of the structures. Then, we executed a comparative analysis with the results obtained from previous studies of NRF (non-reinforced column) and URF (column with UHMWPE fiber reinforcement). The maximum strength was increased with 14.91% of URF, 14.05% of URM, 14% of URO, and 6.5% of URS on the basis of NRF and the columns with minor and moderate damages exhibited the similar stiffness as that of the URF.

The popularity of online games highlights the need for research approaches that can increase our scientific understanding of online game play experience. This paper proposes a model for examining and evaluating the ways by which factors of game motivate players and shape psychological processes. Previously, Nick Yee has done one of the most extensive and influential empirical research on motivations for play in online games. His research provides the foundation to understand what motivates people to play games and how we can improve our designs based on those findings. His factor analysis revealed ten motivational sub-components that grouped into three overarching components of achievement, social, and immersion. However, there are a handful of empirical results that were unique and did not clearly fit into Yee's motivational components, such as "making a difference", "the search for self", "the search for youth", and "the nurturance motivation", as Yee acknowledged in his paper. Therefore we developed a motivational theory of "reality integration" to encompass the cases that could not be explained by Yee's theory. While his theory was implicity focused on "escapism" (escape from reality), we found that dual and integrated perspectives of "reality integration" and "escapism" of online games are very important in understanding players' behavior and improving game design. The future goal of this research is to develop a motivational design framework for educational games or serious games.

Soil column experiments were evaluated effects of silver nanoparticles (i.e., 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/L) on the microbial viability which is strongly associated with the degradation of organic matter, pharmaceutically active compounds(PhACs) and biological oxidation of nitrogenous compounds during river bank filtration. The addition of silver nanoparticles resulted in almost no change in the aqueous matrix. However, the intact cell concentration decreased with addition of silver nanoparticles from 2.5 to 10 mg/L, which accounted for 76% to 82% reduction compared to that of control (silver nanoparticles free surface water). The decrease in adenosine triphosphate was more pronounced; thus, the number and active cells in aqueous phase were concurrently decreased with added silver nanoparticles. Based on the florescence excitation-emission matrix and liquid chromatograph - organic carbon detection analyses, it shows that the removal of protein-like substances was relatively higher than that of humic-like substances, and polysaccharide was substantially reduced. But the extent of those substances removed during soil passage was decreased with the increasing concentration of silver nanoparticles. The attenuation of ionic PhACs ranged from 55% to 80%, depending on the concentration of silver nanoparticles. The attenuation of neutral PhACs ranged between 72% and 77%, which was relatively lower than that observed for the ionic PhACs. The microbial viability was affected by silver nanoparticles, which also resulted in inhibition of nitrifiers.

The flow channel is a game design aspect that has been widely used by experienced game designers. A psychologist named Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi found that a person's skill and the difficulty of a task would interact to result in different cognitive and emotional states. When a person’s skill and the difficulty of the task are roughly balanced, he or she enters the flow state. Otherwise, the person becomes bored or frustrated, and switches to another activity[3]. Unfortunately, for game designers, this is the point where the flow theory stops helping. While a designer strive to keep players in the flow channel for as long as possible, he or she has to figure out how to implement the flow channel in the game by oneself. Therefore, in this paper, we tried to bridge or narrow the gap between game flow and psychology theories. We showed how the whole game flow mechanics work and how several major psychological elements operate dynamically and interactively on the game play. The challenges and skills should be balanced and should work together to create game flow experiences. The contents described in the paper was used to teach university students in game design and media psychology courses. Quantitative and qualitative measures show that our media psychology education could be an effective way of teaching a creative design philosophy.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the MC1R genotypes of the Chikso (Korean brindle cattle) sires on the coat colors of their offspring. In this study, 15 Chikso sires with known MC1R genotypes were used for breeding in the Gangwon Province Livestock Research Center, the Chungbuk Institute of Livestock and Veterinary Research, and the Livestock Experiment Station, Jeonbuk Institute of Livestock and Veterinary Research from either 2011 or 2012 to 2013. There were 6 sires with E+E+ genotypes and 9 sires with E+e genotypes, and their coat colors were all whole brindle (more than 50 of the body). Among the 90 calves produced in 2011∼2013 or 2012∼2013 from the 15 sires, 50 (55.6%) of them were females and 40 (44.4%) of them were males. Coat colors of the offspring were determined when they reached over 6 months of age. Calves with whole brindle, part brindle, brown and black coat colors were 42 (48.3%), 11 (12.6%), 18 (20.7%) and 16 (18.4%), respectively. Ratio of calves with whole brindle coat color was higher than any other coat colors. Among the offspring with whole brindle color, 20 (41.7%) calves were female and 22 (51.3%) calves were male. By determining the MC1R genotypes of the dams and calves in this study along the family lines, and investigating other genes that may be involved in the coat colors of the Chikso, better breeding system may be established to increase the brindle coat color appearance in the future.

저류층 내에 부존되어 있는 탄화수소의 매장량을 계산하기 위해서는 그 저류층의 공극률이 필요하다. 일반적으로 시추공 이외의 지역에 대한 공극률은 시추공에서 얻은 공극률 검층자료로부터 외삽하여 얻지만, 시추공을 포함한 지역에서 획득한 탄성파탐사 자료가 존재하는 경우 시추공 자료와 함께 탄성파 탐사 자료를 이용하여 시추공 이외의 지역에서 보다 정확한 유사 공극률을 추출해낼 수 있다. 이 연구에서는 다항식 신경망 기법을 이용하여 탄성파 탐사 자료와 공극률 검층 자료로부터 유사 공극률 검층 자료를 생성하는 모듈을 개발하였다. 먼저 탄성파 탐사 자료로부터 추출된 지하매질의 특성을 나타내는 탄성파 속성(seismic attribute)과 심도에 따른 시간의 자료로 변환된 공극률 검층 자료로부터 다항식 신경망 기법을 사용하여 상관계수를 추출하였고 이 계수를 이용하여 시추공이 없는 지역에서의 공극률 정보를 생성하였다. 한편, 개발된 모듈에서는 보다 정확한 공극률을 획득하기 위하여 각각의 탄성파 속성들과 공극률 검층 자료와의 상관성 분석을 통해 상관성이 높은 탄성파 속성들을 사용하였다. 개발된 다항식 신경망 모듈의 신뢰성, 활용성을 검증하기 위하여 개발된 모듈을 북해 F3 지역의 현장자료에 적용하고, 얻어진 결과를 상용 프로그램에서 사용되는 확률론적 신경망 기법을 통해 얻어진 결과와 비교하였다. 두 방법으로부터 얻은 결과들은 유사한 결과를 보였으며 이를 통해 개발된 모듈의 신뢰성을 입증할 수 있었다. 또한, 다항식 신경망 기법으로부터 얻어진 유사 공극률 검층 자료가 확률론적 신경망 기법을 통해 얻어진 결과보다 실제 값에 더 가깝다는 것을 보여주었다. 따라서 북해 F3 지역과 같이 시추공 자료가 부족한 지역에서는 다항식 신경망 기법이 효과적임을 알 수 있었다.