Enhancing the energy storage capabilities of supercapacitors (SCs) while preserving their electrochemical performance is crucial for their widespread application. Our research focuses on developing Sb-modified tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles via a scalable hydrothermal process, offering substantial potential in this domain. The tetragonal nanoparticle structure provides abundant active sites and a highly porous pathway, facilitating rapid and efficient energy storage. Additionally, tin's varied oxidation states significantly enhance redox capacitance. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate ATO's promise as an advanced SC electrode, achieving a peak specific capacitance of 332 F/g at 3 mA/cm2, with robust redox capacitance confirmed through kinetic analysis. Moreover, the ATO electrode exhibits exceptional capacitance retention over 2000 cycles. This study establishes ATO as a leading candidate for future energy storage applications, underscoring its pivotal role in advancing energy storage technologies.

Antimony-modified tin oxide nanoparticles: hydrothermal synthesis for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes
    Abstract
    1 Introduction
    2 Experimental
        2.1 Materials
        2.2 Preparation of SnO2, Sb2O4 and ATO nanoparticles
        2.3 Fabrication of working electrode for supercapacitive electrochemical measurements
        2.4 Characterizations
        2.5 Electrochemical measurements
    3 Results and discussion
        3.1 Structural and morphological analysis
        3.2 Electrochemical measurements
    4 Conclusion
    Acknowledgements 
    References

• Umesh D. Babar(Department of Physics, The New College, Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416012, India)
• Priyanka P. Chavan(Department of Physics, The New College, Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416012, India)
• Pradip D. Kamble(Department of Physics, The New College, Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416012, India) Corresponding author
• Bapuso M. Babar(Department of Physics, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara, Maharashtra 415001, India)
• Suhas H. Sutar(Department of Physics, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara, Maharashtra 415001, India)
• Sarfraj H. Mujawar(Department of Physics, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara, Maharashtra 415001, India)
• Onkar C. Pore(Department of Physics, Shrimant Babasaheb Deshmukh Mahavidyalaya, Atpadi, Sangli 415301, India)
• Ashok D. Chougale(Department of Chemistry, The New College, Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416012, India)
• Amar M. Patil(Nano-Electro-Mechanical Device Laboratory School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120‑749, South Korea)
• Seong Chan Jun(Nano-Electro-Mechanical Device Laboratory School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120‑749, South Korea)
• Ebrahim Alhajri(Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE)
• Nilesh R. Chodankar(Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE)