National parks serve as protected areas that ensure the sustainable use of representative natural ecosystems. In South Korea, approximately 46% of the nation’s total species and 65% of its endangered species inhabit national parks. Comprehensive resource surveys have been conducted every 5 years in accordance with the Natural Parks Act to safeguard these invaluable biological resources. However, species identification in these surveys still largely relies on traditional methods, which are time-consuming and labor-intensive, and often subject to investigator bias. This study investigated freshwater fish communities in stream ecosystems at four national parks-Seoraksan, Woraksan, Deogyusan, and Hallyeohaesang-using environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding to evaluate the consistency of its results with those of conventional surveys. A total of 33 fish species (five orders, 11 families) were recorded in both methods. eDNA detected 31 species (detection rate: 93.9%), whereas conventional methods identified 22 species (66.7%). However, species richness values were significantly correlated between the two methods. eDNA exhibited higher detection efficiency (88.7-100.0%) across all parks than conventional methods (64.3-72.2%). Six endangered species were identified in total, four of which (66.7%) were detected by eDNA. The results indicate that eDNA metabarcoding provides a more sensitive, efficient, and reliable tool for assessing freshwater fish diversity in national parks than conventional methods. Overall, eDNA offers a valuable complement or potential alternative to conventional survey methods for the long-term monitoring of freshwater fish biodiversity.

Abstract
1. 서 론
2. 재료 및 방법
    2.1. 연구대상 지역
    2.2. 조사 방법
3. 결 과
    3.1. 화학적 환경특성
    3.2. 조사 방법 간 종 탐지율 비교
    3.3. 군집유사도 분석
    3.4. 조사 방법 간 다양성 수치 비교, 화학적 환경특성과다양성 수치 상관성 분석
4. 고 찰
    4.1. 조사 방법 간 종 탐지율 비교
    4.2. 국립공원 내 어류 군집유사도 분석 및 종 다양성평가
적 요
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Declaration of Competing Interest
사 사
REFERENCES
APPENDIX

• 최희규(상지대학교 생명과학과 분자생태및진화학실험실) | Hee-kyu Choi (Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea)
• 황순영(상지대학교 생명과학과 분자생태및진화학실험실) | Soon Young Hwang (Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea)
• 김영래(상지대학교 생명과학과 분자생태및진화학실험실) | Young Rae Kim (Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea)
• 김유림(상지대학교 생명과학과 분자생태및진화학실험실) | Yu Rim Kim (Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea)
• 서진규(상지대학교 생명과학과 분자생태및진화학실험실) | Jin Kyu Seo (Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea)
• 이혁제(상지대학교 생명과학과 분자생태및진화학실험실) | Hyuk Je Lee (Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea) Corresponding author
• 왕주현(상지대학교 생명과학과 담수생태학실험실) | Ju Hyoun Wang (Aquatic Ecosystem Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea)
• 고민섭(상지대학교 생명과학과 담수생태학실험실) | Min Seop Ko (Aquatic Ecosystem Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea)
• 김정은(국립공원공단 국립공원연구원) | Jeong Eun Kim (National Park Research Institute, Korea National Park Service, Wonju 26441, Republic of Korea)
• 장지은(국립공원공단 국립공원연구원) | Ji Eun Jang (National Park Research Institute, Korea National Park Service, Wonju 26441, Republic of Korea)
• 김희수(국립낙동강생물자원관 다양성예측평가부) | Heesoo Kim (Diversity Forecast & Evaluation Division, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Republic of Korea)