간행물
Korean Journal of Environmental Biology KCI 등재 환경생물
- 발행기관 한국환경생물학회
- 자료유형 학술지
- 간기 계간
- ISSN 1226-9999 (Print)2287-7851 (Online)
- 수록기간 1983 ~ 2025
- 주제분류 자연과학 > 생물학 자연과학 분류의 다른 간행물
- 십진분류KDC 472DDC 570
권호리스트/논문검색
Vol.43 No.4 (2025년 12월) 22건
1.
2025.12
구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
Freshwater ecosystems support biodiversity and provide essential ecosystem services. In Korea, the Water Environment Information System monitors these ecosystems using separate biological and physicochemical indicators. Complex interactions occur among diverse biological taxa and physicochemical conditions. Thus, integrating heterogeneous monitoring data is crucial for accurately assessing ecosystem health. However, differences in data characteristics between the indicators present significant integration challenges. Given the scale and heterogeneity of the monitoring data, advanced analytical techniques are necessary to detect interactions among variables. This study aimed to identify key correlations among biological and physicochemical indicators by clustering similar variables and removing noise using the Hierarchical Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (HDBSCAN) algorithm, followed by Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and maximal information coefficient (MIC) analyses. HDBSCAN effectively eliminated noise indicators and grouped biological and physicochemical indicators into clusters based on shared characteristics, thereby enhancing the interpretability of the correlation analysis. Spearman analysis showed strong associations among biological indicators, particularly among species with similar ecological traits. MIC analysis further detected nonlinear associations between ecological assessment indices and specific biological species, which also reflected similar ecological characteristics. These findings are significant in that the comprehensive analysis of existing monitoring data revealed relationships within biological and physicochemical indicators while preserving the original purpose and function of each monitoring network. This study is expected to serve as a foundational resource for freshwater environmental monitoring and the development of effective management strategies.
4,900원
2.
2025.12
구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
This study quantitatively analyzed the ecological niche breadth (ENB) of 27 freshwater mollusk species (11,406 occurrence records) in Korea based on macroenvironmental gradients, including climate, topography, and land cover. We combined Levins’ index values (B: niche breadth, BA: equitability) with optimum-tolerance analysis (optimum value and tolerance range, t95-t05) to determine species-specific habitat strategies and environmental responses. The analysis revealed a distinct dichotomy in the habitat strategies of Korean freshwater mollusks, separating cold-water, lowdisturbance types in upstream areas from warm-water, disturbance-tolerant types in downstream areas, mainly structured by thermal and land-cover gradients. Species, such as Semisulcospira libertina, Radix auricularia, and the alien species Physa acuta, were identified as generalists, showing high B values but low BA values, suggesting that they are capable of inhabiting diverse environments but concentrate their presence in certain environmental conditions. Conversely, Koreoleptoxis nodifila and Clithon retropictum were classified as specialists with low B values and intermediate to high BA values, indicating stable and equitable distribution within restricted environmental limits. Urbanization appeared to be an influential limiting factor, showing low BA values for most species, whereas agricultural areas showed higher BA values, suggesting a comparatively broader habitat possibility. Notably, K. nodifila, a critically endangered and endemic species, showed optimal habitat conditions of low temperature (10.65°C), low urbanization (4.82%), and high forest cover (57.34%), confirming its status as a cold-water indicator species adapted to forested upstream systems. The study findings provide a quantitative framework to assess the environmental tolerance, vulnerability, and conservation priorities of Korean freshwater mollusks.
4,600원
3.
2025.12
구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
National parks serve as protected areas that ensure the sustainable use of representative natural ecosystems. In South Korea, approximately 46% of the nation’s total species and 65% of its endangered species inhabit national parks. Comprehensive resource surveys have been conducted every 5 years in accordance with the Natural Parks Act to safeguard these invaluable biological resources. However, species identification in these surveys still largely relies on traditional methods, which are time-consuming and labor-intensive, and often subject to investigator bias. This study investigated freshwater fish communities in stream ecosystems at four national parks-Seoraksan, Woraksan, Deogyusan, and Hallyeohaesang-using environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding to evaluate the consistency of its results with those of conventional surveys. A total of 33 fish species (five orders, 11 families) were recorded in both methods. eDNA detected 31 species (detection rate: 93.9%), whereas conventional methods identified 22 species (66.7%). However, species richness values were significantly correlated between the two methods. eDNA exhibited higher detection efficiency (88.7-100.0%) across all parks than conventional methods (64.3-72.2%). Six endangered species were identified in total, four of which (66.7%) were detected by eDNA. The results indicate that eDNA metabarcoding provides a more sensitive, efficient, and reliable tool for assessing freshwater fish diversity in national parks than conventional methods. Overall, eDNA offers a valuable complement or potential alternative to conventional survey methods for the long-term monitoring of freshwater fish biodiversity.
5,400원
4.
2025.12
구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr., which is native to North America, was newly found in Gyeonggi-do and Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. This species can be distinguished from other Valerianella species in Korea by its white flowers, and the fertile fruit locule lacks a corky mass on the abaxial surface. V. radiata grows on slopes and roadsides, suggesting that it is likely to have been introduced when green sites were installed and during road construction. Its introduction into Japan has been reported, but the associated ecological risk is unknown. Here, we provide a detailed morphological description, taxonomic key to related taxa, voucher specimens, photographs, and distribution maps of its habitat.
4,000원
5.
2025.12
구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
Metcalfa pruinosa is an invasive planthopper that has rapidly spread across South Korea since its first detection in 2005. Long-term suppression is difficult using chemical control alone. This study developed a cocoon-based outdoor release technique for the parasitoid Neodryinus typhlocybae, a major natural enemy of M. pruinosa, and analyzed the seasonal occurrence patterns of both species while evaluating the establishment and parasitism of N. typhlocybae across multiple regions. A rain-shielded release device was designed to facilitate adult emergence and escape, resulting in emergence from more than 75% of the cocoons and the successful escape of 88.9% of the emerged adults. The optimal timing for parasitoid release was identified as mid-to-late June when 4th-instar M. pruinosa nymphs are predominant, while parasitism assessments were best conducted in mid-to-late July during the 5th-instar stage. Between 2024 and 2025, N. typhlocybae cocoons were detected in eight municipalities across five provinces. Notably, cocoon densities reached 8.2 cocoons per 20 leaves in Jangseong in 2024 and 3.2 cocoons in Asan in 2025, clearly demonstrating successful parasitism and overwintering under Korean field conditions. Cocoons also persisted at sites where releases were conducted between 2020 and 2022, without additional releases. No significant relationships were observed between cocoon density and release amount, region, or year, suggesting that host density, microclimate, and other field-level environmental factors have greater influences on parasitism outcomes. This study provides key foundational data supporting the practical implementation of N. typhlocybae for the biological control of M. pruinosa in South Korea.
4,300원
6.
2025.12
구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
Scymnus folchinii Canepari, 1979 is reported here for the first time in Korea, based on specimens collected from Dokdo and Ulleungdo Islands, the easternmost islands in the East Sea. Specimens were collected in 2022 and 2024 using malaise traps and sweep-netting in the coastal cliff grasslands of both islands and in grassland adjacent to the Namyang Stream on Ulleungdo Island. In this study, we provide detailed information on the general habitus, diagnostic morphological traits, and COI gene barcodes of the species. Based on COI gene sequences, S. folchinii showed distinct p-distances from S. babai Sasaji (>15.20%) and from S. ferrugatus (Moll) (>14.74%), both species previously recorded on Dokdo Island. This new record from these isolated volcanic islands underscores the need for further research on the genus Scymnus to enhance our understanding of its taxonomy and distribution in Korea.
4,000원
7.
2025.12
구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
This study investigated the vascular flora in Deoksan Provincial Park, located in Yesan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, based on 12 field surveys conducted from May 2024 to July 2025. The survey identified a total of 439 vascular plant taxa, comprising 108 families, 273 genera, 404 species, four subspecies, 29 varieties, and two forms. Among them, 14 taxa were Korean endemic plants, and six taxa were included in the red list of plants. The floristic regional plants comprised 54 taxa, including three taxa of grade IV, 12 taxa of grade III, 15 taxa of grade II, and 24 taxa of grade I. A total of 156 taxa were identified as biological resources subject to approval for overseas export, and 8 taxa were identified as climate change indicator plants. Additionally, 55 taxa of alien plants were identified, resulting in a naturalization rate of 12.5% and an urbanization index of 8.8%. Two taxa of ecosystem-disturbing species were found to be distributed in the area. This study provides foundational data for the efficient management and operation of Deoksan Provincial Park and is expected to serve as baseline information for biodiversity conservation and the systematic management of plant resources by identifying the current status and changes in its flora.
5,100원
8.
2025.12
구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
This study aimed to evaluate the habitat stability and biological characteristics of the reintroduced population of Zacco koreanus in the Bongseonsa Stream, comparing it with original populations from the Jojong and Sudong Streams to assess the effectiveness of the restoration. To confirm the stable establishment of the reintroduced population, we analyzed the length-weight relationship, condition factor, length frequency distribution, gonadosomatic index (GSI), and population ratio relative to the competing species, Zacco platypus. We referenced data from previous studies conducted in 2007, 2011, 2015, and 2016, and performed field surveys in 2021 and 2025. The length-weight analysis revealed that the regression coefficient (b value) for the Bongseonsa population consistently exceeded 3.0 in 2015, 2021, and 2025, while the condition factor (K) demonstrated a positive slope. These findings indicate rapid weight gain relative to length growth, suggesting adequate food availability and effective habitat management. Over time, the length-frequency distribution gradually stabilized, and by 2025, the population exhibited a pattern similar to that of natural populations, indicating a stabilization of the life-history structure. Analysis of the GSI showed that the reintroduced population had a higher reproductive capacity than the original population. Following reintroduction, the relative abundance of Z. koreanus consistently increased, while that of the competing species Z. platypus declined. Overall, these findings demonstrate successful establishment of the reintroduced population of Z. koreanus in the Bongseonsa Stream, evidenced by stable growth, high reproductive capacity, and ecological competitiveness. The success of the restoration is attributed to habitat improvements, including enhanced water quality and stream restoration, as well as the introduction of individuals from two distinct source populations. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to provide valuable data for assessing the effectiveness of future fish restoration projects and for developing long-term habitat management strategies.
4,200원
9.
2025.12
구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
This study assessed the genetic outcomes of reintroducing Zacco koreanus into the Bongseonsa Stream by comparing the genetic diversity and population structure of the reintroduced population to those of the original populations from the Jojong and Sudong Streams. The reintroduced population in Bongseonsa Stream retained multiple haplotypes and displayed a mixed genetic composition with the original populations, indicating the reintroduction strategy’s effectiveness. The pairwise genetic differentiation value (FST) suggested that the Jojong Stream population, which is geographically closer and ecologically similar, contributed more to gene flow and potential local adaptation in the reintroduced population. Results from STRUCTURE analysis (K=2) and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) showed no clear genetic separation among populations, supporting effective genetic integration. However, the relatively small effective population size (Ne) of the reintroduced population raises conserns about potential longterm risks of inbreeding and genetic drift, which could lead to a loss of genetic variation. Overall, the reintroduction successfully established a genetically diverse population in the short term, but continuous monitoring and adaptive management are crucial for maintaining genetic health and ensuring long-term population stability. This study underscores the importance of integrating genetic considerations into freshwater fish restoration programs and provides a reference for developing sustainable population management strategies.
4,200원
10.
2025.12
구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
Arsenic, a common metalloid contaminant in soil, can enter the terrestrial food chain through plant uptake. While soil arsenic contamination can lead to long-term exposure that affects multiple generations, the multigenerational impacts on terrestrial plantherbivore systems remain poorly understood. This study examined the effects of soil arsenate (As(V)) transferred to pepper plants on Myzus persicae over three generations (F0-F2). We measured adult body length (AL), development time (DT), and offspring body length (OL) of M. persicae after rearing them on peppers cultivated in soil treated with four concentrations (0, 2, 4, and 6 mg kg-1) of As(V). In the F0 generation, the As(V) treatment significantly affected AL and DT (p<0.05), but no significant effect on OL was detected (p= 0.83). In the F1 and F2 generations, however, significant differences between treatments were observed in OL (p<0.05), along with AL and DT. Notably, in the F0 generation, As(V)- exposed individuals exhibited consistently stimulated growth and development, while responses became inconsistent in the F1 and F2 generations across various treatment conditions. These findings suggest that the effects of As(V) on M. persicae through multigenerational exposure are more complex than those observed within a single generation. This study highlights the importance of multigenerational approaches to accurately assess the ecological impacts of soil As(V) contamination on terrestrial ecosystems.
4,500원
11.
2025.12
구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
The availability and proper use of native plant seeds are essential for effective ecological restoration in the face of rapid climate change. This study established practical seed zones for South Korea to aid in seed collection, management, and production, while also analyzing their current and future climatic characteristics. We delineated 15 seed zones based on administrative boundaries, topographic features, and ecological regions. Using six key bioclimatic variables derived from a 1-km climate dataset (current: 2000- 2019; future: SSP3-7.0, 2041-2060), we conducted evaluations using PERMANOVA and Linear Discriminant Analysis. The analysis revealed significant climatic differentiation among seed zones (R 2=0.6453, p<0.001). Projections indicate that the North Central Hilly (SZ01) and East Central Coastal (SZ11) zones will experience notable qualitative climatic changes, underscoring their susceptibility to climate change. These results serve as a foundation for prioritizing the collection of genetic resources and developing adaptive seed-sourcing strategies. Future work should focus on refining micro-scale seed zones and incorporating species-level genetic information.
4,500원
12.
2025.12
구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
To investigate the temperature-dependent development of Spodoptera litura, experiments were conducted at five constant temperatures: 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35±1°C, with 60±5% relative humidity and a light/dark cycle of 16L : 8D. Daily observations were made of the egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. The total developmental periods recorded were 182.0 days at 15°C, 78.2 days at 20°C, 46.2 days at 25°C, 34.3 days at 30°C, and 30.0 days at 35°C, indicating that higher temperatures accelerate development across the egg, larval, and pupal stages. Linear model analysis estimated the lower developmental threshold and thermal constant for the total immature period to be 11.0°C and 714.3 degree-days (DD), respectively. Nonlinear models provided estimates for the optimal developmental temperatures for the total period: 35.3°C for the Briere 1 model, 35.4°C for the Briere 2 model, 34.5°C for the Lactin 1 model, 33.8°C for the Lactin 2 model, 35.3°C for the Taylor model, and 34.2°C for the Logan6 model. Additionally, the developmental completion distribution was effectively described by a 3-parameter Weibull function, achieving a goodness of fit (R 2) of 0.81. Adult longevity was longest at 20°C, averaging 23.5 days for males and 21.0 days for females, while the shortest longevity was observed at 30°C, with males living an average of 10.2 days and females 9.7 days.
4,600원
13.
2025.12
구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
Biodiversity in paddy ecosystems not only enhances crop production but also regulates ecosystem functions, providing various ecosystem services. Benthic macroinvertebrates are crucial organisms that play vital roles in these ecological processes; however, research on their community dynamics in paddy ecosystems is still limited. This study aimed to examine how the community characteristics and ecological functions of benthic macroinvertebrates differ across various types of organic floury rice cultivation. The findings indicated that Rice Field 2 (RF2) hosted a greater diversity of species compared to the other paddy fields. Over time, both the diversity and richness indices in RF2 and RF3 were significantly higher than those in RF1. Similar trends were observed in the functional feeding groups (FFGs) and habitat orientation groups (HOGs). These results suggest that organic floury rice cultivation practices and proximity to the Doombeong (traditional farm pond) jointly influence the community composition and ecological functions of benthic macroinvertebrates. Consequently, differences in cultivation practices can alter vegetation structure, while the complex habitat provided by Doombeong serves as an important refuge for benthic macroinvertebrate communities, aiding in biodiversity conservation and the maintenance of ecological functions in paddy ecosystems.
4,500원
14.
2025.12
구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
This study investigated trends and characteristics of the non-native amphibian and reptile pet market in South Korea, focusing on commercial breeding practices based on online data collected through August 2021. A total of 351 commercial breeding cases involving 106 species (79 reptiles and 27 amphibians) were documented. The Burmese python was first recorded in 2008, followed by the golden tree frog in 2015. Since 2013, commercial breeding activity has significantly increased, particularly among squamates and testudines. The corn snake emerged as the most frequently bred reptile, while the Dendrobatidae family was the only amphibian group noted among the most commonly bred species. According to IUCN Red List criteria, 77.5% of the bred species were classified as Least Concern. However, species of conservation concern were also identified, including one Extinct, three Critically Endangered, and one Endangered species. Private breeders represented 67.9% of the cases, achieving a breeding success rate of 73.3%. Despite evident market growth and breeder activity, the prevalence of endangered and invasive species, along with insufficient regulation, poses significant risks to biodiversity. These findings highlight the urgent need for enhanced monitoring, stricter legal frameworks, and targeted public education to mitigate the impacts of the expanding exotic pet market in Korea.
4,000원
15.
2025.12
구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
Ecological restoration has become a vital strategy for tackling global environmental challenges. This study utilized BERTopic, a neural network-based topic modeling technique, to analyze research trends in ecological restoration technologies across 9,557 academic papers published between 1992 and 2024. Seven major research categories were identified: soil remediation, water quality improvement, habitat and biodiversity restoration, nature-based solutions, seed-based restoration, contaminated site restoration, and wildfire management. The compound annual growth rate analysis revealed that nature-based solutions had the highest growth rate, followed by soil remediation and seed-based restoration. Keyword co-occurrence network analysis identified three major clusters: Nature-based Solutions, Soil & Microbial, and Water Quality, with nature-based solutions acting as the central hub connecting various research themes. Country-level analysis indicated that China led global research output, followed by the USA, while South Korea ranked third, particularly excelling in soil remediation and water quality improvement. The iterative BERTopic approach effectively separated ecological restoration studies from biomedical research that shares similar terminology, addressing the limitations of traditional keyword-based analyses. These findings shed light on the evolution and regional characteristics of ecological restoration research, providing valuable insights for future research priorities and policy development.
4,600원
16.
2025.12
구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
This study explored the population dynamics of the endangered perennial plant Pterygopleurum neurophyllum (Maxim.) Kitag through a multi-year winter deadbiomass removal approach. In 2022, a total population census was conducted at Wondong Wetland (Yangsan, Korea), where seven spatially independent patches were identified (P-1 to P-7). From 2023 to 2025, winter dead-biomass removal was implemented in two of these patches (P-1 and P-2), while the remaining patches served as controls. Annual population counts were monitored, and the effects of winter dead-biomass removal over time were analyzed using a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) with a Poisson distribution. The interaction between management and year was highly significant (Wald χ 2=103.93, p<0.001), indicating differing temporal trajectories between the removal and control populations. No significant management effect was observed in 2023; however, the removal plots demonstrated a dramatic increase in 2024 (EMMs: Control=5.05 vs. Removal=92.77), which continued in 2025 (3.89 vs. 104.99). These findings indicate that winter dead-biomass removal significantly promotes the population expansion of P. neurophyllum, with ecological responses emerging cumulatively rather than immediately. This study provides empirical evidence that repeated winter dead-biomass removal, rather than a single-year disturbance, is crucial for the restoration and conservation of endangered wetland plant species.
4,000원
17.
2025.12
구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
This study analyzed quarantine inspection records for imported ginger seed rhizomes (Zingiber officinale) in Korea from 2015 to 2024, utilizing the Pest Information System (PIS) of the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency. The aim was to characterize the occurrence and trends of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with ginger planting and to provide management implications for risk-based phytosanitary measures. A total of 1,327 cargo consignments were analyzed. Plant-parasitic nematodes were found in 496 consignments (37%), comprising 13 different nematode taxa. Two regulated taxa, Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus spp., were identified in 149 cases, leading to the destruction of the corresponding consignments in accordance with quarantine regulations. The remaining 11 taxa (347 cases) were classified as non-quarantine pests and were released. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) were the most prevalent, accounting for over 80% of all detections, with M. incognita (191 cases), Meloidogyne spp. (128 cases), and M. javanica (68 cases) being the most common. Although Gunsan Port had the highest number of consignments, the detection rate was relatively higher at Incheon Port, suggesting possible differences among production areas or exporters. Overall, the findings indicate that imported ginger seed rhizomes can serve as a pathway for nematode introduction. To reduce the risk of field-level transmission, it is recommended to enhance pre-export lot management and implement nematode suppression measures, along with providing post-import guidance for growers, such as hot-water treatment or approved dips before planting.
4,000원
18.
2025.12
구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
This study examined the vertical distribution of conservative elements (Al, Fe, Li, and Cs) and trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in sediment cores collected from the tidal flats of Yubudo in the Geum River estuary. Two sediment cores were obtained from different depositional environments: an estuary-proximal mudflat (Core A) and an offshore-influenced sandflat (Core B). These cores were subsampled at 2 cm intervals for ICP-MS analysis. The conservative elements displayed consistently higher concentrations in the finer-grained Core A, reflecting natural enrichment associated with silt and clay-dominated sediments. All seven trace metals were found to be below the Threshold Effect Level (TEL), indicating a low potential for ecological risk in both cores. The higher concentrations of trace metals observed in Core A were interpreted as natural enrichment due to the greater proportion of fine-grained, estuary-derived sediments rather than anthropogenic accumulation. These findings provide a geochemical baseline for understanding natural variability in the Yubudo tidal-flat system and offer crucial information for the future conservation and management of the tidal flats in the Geum River Estuary.
4,000원
19.
2025.12
구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
Ambrosia trifida is an invasive annual plant species that creates dense stands, suppressing native vegetation in affected habitats. To assess its ecological impact and the short-term effectiveness of mechanical management, we conducted field removal experiments using cutting and uprooting methods. We examined plant community composition, species richness, and diversity before and after treatment. Mechanical removal significantly altered plant community structure, leading to increased emergence of native species and reduced dominance of A. trifida, while control plots showed minimal change. Treated plots also had substantially lower soil seed bank density, with most remaining seeds concentrated in the upper 0-5 cm layer, indicating that limiting annual seed input is crucial for suppressing population persistence. However, recovery responses varied by site: Mugunri experienced notable declines in A. trifida cover and a greater establishment of native species, whereas the CCZ site retained A. trifida as a sub-dominant and saw limited recruitment of native species. These differing outcomes suggest that site-specific environmental conditions, initial species pools, and residual seed bank size may affect vegetation recovery after invasive plant removal. While this study demonstrates that mechanical removal disrupts A. trifida dominance and encourages short-term vegetation recovery, its one-year duration limits our understanding of longterm successional pathways. Continued monitoring, repeated annual removal, and assessments across multiple sites are necessary to better understand the mechanisms driving post-removal recovery and to inform the development of effective restoration strategies.
4,500원
20.
2025.12
구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
This study utilized over 20 years of daily bivalve harvesting records from a local fisherman on Yubudo Island to examine potential structural changes in bivalve resources as perceived by the local community following a distant oil spill event. Temporal analyses revealed that while Mactra quadrangularis was historically the dominant commercial bivalve, the harvest of Meretrix petechialis significantly increased after 2007. Notably, during a period of severe regional decline in Meretrix production across Chungcheongnam Province (2008-2012), Yubudo maintained relatively stable yields. These findings suggest that, amid widespread depletion of major bivalve resources due to pollution, there was a shift in local bivalve resource utilization from Mactra to the higher-value Meretrix in the Yubudo area, which was not directly impacted by contamination. This indicates that Yubudo may have served as a substitute production area during the regional decline in bivalve resources. This study is significant as it quantitatively demonstrates how large-scale regional changes in bivalve resources can indirectly influence local resource utilization by integrating long-term harvesting records with community perceptions.
4,000원
1
2
