Community composition and abundance of aquatic invertebrates are important for ecological functions. Community characteristics of insects and gastropods were compared in five regions to investigate the effect of geological factors in surveys conducted between June and August to analyze seasonal changes in invertebrate communities. Underwater traps were used to obtain a constant collection effect. Insect communities were dominated by Hydrochara affinis, Rhantus suturalis and Sigara nigroventralis, and nMDS analysis demonstrated the separation of their communities by region. H. affinis and Sternolophus rufipes were not found in Haenam and Cheolwon, respectively. The results showed the effects of regional temperature on the distribution of aquatic insects. Pomacea canaliculata, Hippeutis cantori and Austropeplea ollula were dominant in the gastropod community. The seasonal variation in the abundance of P. canaliculata was the most pronounced, and its abundance in August was 38.2 times higher than in June. The abundances of several species including Hippeutis cantori were negatively correlated with that of P. canaliculata. These results suggest that P. canaliculata is a pivotal factor that drives seasonal changes in gastropod community.

본 시험은 파와 고추재배지에서 호밀과 헤어리베치를 휴한기에 윤작한 유기재배구와 관행재배구 간의 토양생물상에 어떠한 차이가 있는지를 비교하기 위하여 수행되었다. 1. 파와 고추의 상품성 수량은 관행에서 유기재배구 보다 다소 높았는데, 이는 병충해 발생에 기인한 것으로 판단된다. 하지만 두 재배구간에 통계적으로 유의성 있는 수량 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 2. 고추 재배지에서는 유기재배구가 관행재배구 보다 토양미생물체량을 10 ~ 40배 전후, 미소동물 군집수와 종다양성을 2배 전후 증가시켰다. 특히 헤어리베치를 윤작한 유기재배구에서 토양미생물체량과 미소동물 수는 더 크게 증가하였다. 3. 파 재배지에서는 관행과 유기재배구 간에 토양 생물상에 별다른 차이는 없었다.

Cultural characteristics Lecanicillium lecani Btab01 and its insecticidal activity against tobacco whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) were investigated. On potato dextrose agar, tryptic soy agar and SDA+Y media, mycelial growth of L. lecani Btab01 was best at 20~25℃ and suppressed above 28℃. Both solid culture and liquid culture of L. lecani Btab01 showed high insecticidal activity, 93.9 and 98.3% respectively, against nymph of tobacco whitefly, but there is no significant difference. When culture of L. lecani Btab01 was treated at the concentration of 10⁵, 10⁶, 10⁷ and 10⁸ cfu/ml, their insecticidal activity were 5.8%, 33.8%, 77.3% and 98.5% respectively, and LT<SUB>50</SUB> values were 16.1 days, 7.3 days, 5.1 days and 3.5 days respectively. When nymphs were treated by the cultures of L. lecani Btab01 and maintained under saturated condition for zero hour, 24 hours and 168 hours, their control activities were 0%, 20.3% and 100% respectively. Spore germination of L. lecani Btab01 was increased about two times by adding edible oil. When L. lecani Btab01 was treated to control nymph with 0.1% edible oil, it showed high control activity (98.6%) compared to single treatment of L. lecani Btab01 (79.9%).

법적 보호종인 붉은점모시나비의 복원을 위한 모델 시스템 개발을 위해 붉은점모시나비와 생리･생태가 유사한 모시나비의 연중 계대사육법을 확립하고자 이 연구를 수행하였다. 모시나비의 알의 휴면타파를 위해 생리적 특성을 조사한 결과, 알의 호흡량은 산란 후 9일째부터 증가하기 시작하여 전-유충이 형성되는 14～15일째에 최대치를 나타내고 그 후 호흡량은 급격히 감소하며 20일째 이후 거의 변화가 없었다. 또한 알의 경과일수에 따른 단백질 패턴도 휴면 전(산란 후 14～18일째)과 휴면 후(산란 후 20, 25일째)가 서로 다름을 확인하였다. 이상의 결과를 토대로 저온처리에 의한 휴면타파 실험 결과, 저온처리 시기는 산란 후 전-유충이 형성되는 14일째보다는 17일, 18일째에 처리했을 때 부화율이 90%이상으로 높았다. 저온처리 기간은 90일이 소요되며, 온도는 5℃보다 2.5℃에서 부화율이 20%에서 25%로 다소 높아졌다. 부화된 유충은 산괴불주머니를 기주로 실내에서 사육한 결과, 15℃에서는 사육이 불가능하며, 25℃에서는 유충기간은 18.6일로 1령은 4일, 2령은 3.4일, 3령은 3.1일, 4령은 3.1일, 5령은 4.4일이었다. 용기간은 8.9일이었으며 용화율이 98%, 우화율은 90%이었다. 산란성 조사에서는 평균 산란수는 56개이었으며 최대 산란수는 93개이었다.

큰주홍부전나비(Lycaena dispar)는 경기북부에 주로 서식하는 북방계통의 곤충으로 지구온난화에 따른 이동으로 전 세계적인 관심이 집중된 곤충이다. 반면 작은주홍부전나비(Lycaena phlaeas)는 한반도 전역에 서식하는 곤충으로, 이러한 주홍부전나비류의 실내계대사육법을 확립하기 위해서 두 종에 대한 온도, 광주기, 기주식물에 따른 발육특성을 조사하였다. 큰주홍부전나비 유충은 단지 소리쟁이(Rumex crispus)만을 섭식하고, 작은주홍부전나비는 수영(Rumex acetosa)과 소리쟁이(Rumex crispus)를 모두 섭식하여 발육이 가능하였다. 큰주홍부전나비는 소리쟁이를 섭식했을 때 유충기간이 13.8일, 작은주홍부전나비는 수영을 섭식할 때 15.9일, 소리쟁이는 15.2일이 걸렸다. 온도별로 경과는 20℃에서는 유충기간이 19.4일, 30℃에서는 11.0일이었다. 온도가 높아질수록 유충기간이 단축되는 것을 확인하였다. 산란선호성에 있어서 큰주홍부전나비는 소리쟁이에 산란 선호(84.8%)하고, 작은주홍부전나비는 수영에 산란 선호(74.7%)하는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 휴면에 가장 민감한 영기는 1령 유충기인 것을 확인하였다. 1령 유충을 8L:16D의 조건에서 사육했을 경우 3령(부화 후 16일째)기에 휴면에 들어가는데, 휴면율이 95.4%로 가장 높은 것을 확인하였다.

펠렛사료는 습체사료(떡사료)의 문제점인 사료조제의 불편성, 장기보존 및 유통의 어려움을 해소할 수 있고 누구나 쉽게 이용할 수 있기 때문에 연중 곤충사육 및 체험에 특히 유리하다. 이에, 학습교재용 곤충으로 이용이 많은 배추흰나비용 펠렛사료를 개발하고 이를 이용한 사육시험을 수행하였다. 펠렛사료 제조를 위한 이축압출기 최적 운전조건은 main motor 300rpm, feed motor 50rpm, 가수량 80ml/min, 스크류 배열 3, 8 reverse screw 및 사료배출구 φ5mm 임을 확인하였다. 배추흰나비의 영양요구성을 만족하면서 튀김성이 우수한 펠렛사료는 연구실에서 개발하여 사용중인 나비용 습체사료에 비해 Oil, Cellulose 및 성형제 비율은 낮아지고 전분 및 단백질 함량은 상대적으로 높아진 사료조성을 보였다. 기주로 케일분말을 20% 첨가하였을 경우 사료의 직경은 9.3mm로 2배 정도 튀겨졌으며 사료무게의 1.5~1.8배의 물을 흡수하였다. 펠렛사료를 이용하여 배추흰나비를 사육한 결과 유충기간이 15.2일로 기주사육구 11.2일에 비해 다소 늦어졌으며, 우화율도 펠렛사료구 71.4%로 기주사육구 85.0%에 비해 낮았다. 그러나 용체중은 펠렛사료구 251.7mg으로 기주사육구 156.9mg에 비해 월등하게 높았으며 성충의 크기도 현저한 차이를 보였다.

This study performed to conduct a test to increase the amount of appropriate organic matter input to organic upland soil, soil fertility, and its effect on the chemical changes and yield of corn in soil due to organic use. The pH level of the T1, T5, and T6 treatment zones where livestock excreta was used was raised to 6.0-6.5, the optimal range of the soil in Korea, and it was confirmed that the pH value was appropriate. Electrical Conductivity (EC), organic content (OM), and total nitrogen (T-N) were also identified as a trend of continuous increase. The quantity of corn gradually increased from 74.1% to 96.4% over the four-year period with the use of organic materials compared to the beginning of the test, and the utilization efficiency of nitrogen has also increased. The results of the study were found to have been able to examine the increase in quantity and changes in soil chemistry through crop cultivation using organic materials such as natural materials, green manure crops , and livestock manure compost, and it is also believed that the changes due to various factors such as soil environment, soil microbes, and climate conditions need to be made through continuous research.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the soil environment of urban neighborhood parks and to use them as basic data for evaluating the ecological functions of urban parks such as groundwater regeneration, flood control, microclimate regulation, adsorption and purification. The landscape design criteria were generally evaluated as advanced, and further monitoring and studies are needed to evaluate the various ecological functions. It is also necessary to improve the phosphoric acid and nitrogen contents, which tended to be low. In addition, continuous monitoring is needed to assess the proper soil environment according to the biological species, and to evaluate the ecological functions. The results of this study can be used to evaluate the groundwater recharge of urban parks. In particular, when the land of the neighboring park is used for various purposes, the level of access of the user may be increased. Therefore, factors that may adversely affect the user's health, such as heavy metals and organic matters, should be selected and selected as management criteria. In addition, follow-up studies considering fertilization standards suitable for trees and growth of introduced vegetation, etc. are needed urgently to improve the soil environment.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of green manures and complemental fertilization with oil cake or liquid fertilizer on growth and nitrogen use efficiency of Chinese cabbage cultivated in organi systems. Field experiments were carried out at the National Institute of Agricultural Science in Suwon, South Korea from 2012 to 2014. Two green manure crops, Crotalaria and Hairy vetch, was cultivated in summer and in winter, respectively. The application methods of the green manure consisted of three tillage systems (overall tillage, partial tillage and no tillage). Oil cake and liquid fertilizer were used as complemental fertilizer. The results showed that when used as covering material in the upland soil without tillage, green manure fertilization was more effective in increasing growth and yield of Chinese cabbage than when incorporated into soil. It was possible to grow and harvest Chinese cabbage in the spring season by the application of hairy vetch as winter green manure. The higher yield of Chinese cabbage with green manure application was caused by the lower incidence rate of soft rot and tip-burn. The yield of the Chines cabbage that received green manure applications over two consecutive seasons followed by the supplemental fertilization with oil cake was similar to that of the conventional chemical fertilization. Following a single season green manure application in summer, however, the yield of cabbage was only about 70% of the conventional treatment. Green manure cultivation with additional liquid fertilization produced a yield similar to the conventional fertilization treat-ment, soil inorganic nitrogen concentration remained stable and the nitrogen use efficiency increased in the green manure applied soil. In conclusion, the organic cultivation of Chinese cabbage in the autumn season could be outperformed in the upland soil receiving two seasons (winter and summer) of green manure fertilization followed by the supplemental fertilization with liquid fertilizer.

The study was carried out to develop a mathematical model for evaluating the effect of organic fertilizers in organic rice production systems. A function to simulate the nitrogen mineralization process in the paddy soil has been developed and integrated into ORYZA2000 crop growth model. Inorganic nitrogen in the soil was estimated by single exponential models, given temperature and C:N ratio of organic amendments. Data collected from the two-year field experiment were used to evaluate the performance of the model. The revised version of ORYZA2000 provided reasonable estimates of key variables for nitrogen dynamics and crop growth in the organic rice production systems. Coefficient of determination between the measured value and simulated value were 0.6613, 0.8938, and 0.8092, respectively for soil inorganic nitrogen, total dry matter production, and rice yield. This means that the model could be used to quantify nitrogen supplying capacity of organic fertilizers relative to chemical fertilizer. Nitrogen dynamics and rice growth simulated by the model would be useful information to make decision for organic fertilization in organic rice production systems.

This study aimed at improving the method of oil cake application in maize. The experiment was conducted during 2 years at NAS (National Institute of Agricultural Sciences) experimental field, located in Wanju-kun, Jeollabuk-do. Growth factors and nutrient use efficiency were evaluated depending on oil cake application depth, placement, and application rate. Difference in oil cake application method and depth was tested in 2012 and different placements of oil cake application were compared in 2013. Plant height, SPAD value, and dry weight of stem and corn were investigated. SPAD value, dry weight of stem and corn were significantly higher in oil cake banding treatment (OB5, 5 cm depth) as compared to others application methods, i.e. spreading (OS0), deep banding (OB10) and banding + spreading (OB5S). In addition, dry weight of stem and corn of banding treatments (OBL, OBLL) on rhizosphere and in between row (OBR) were higher than spreading treatment (OSP). Furthermore, in case of reduced application rate in additional fertilization did not decrease dry weight of corn and increased nutrient use efficiency. Therefore, it is concluded that banding application in 5 cm-depth and rhizosphere can improve growth and nutrient use efficiency in maize production.

With increasing public concern for environmentally friendly agriculture, ecological aspect of landscape management is of growing importance. AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) analysis were conducted based on the delphi survey of 31 experts to evaluate the relative importance and the preference of landscape elements. Landscape components of organic farmland were classified into 2 landscape fields, 5 landscape types, 14 landscape units, and 37 landscape elements. Overall relevance score for the proposed landscape components were about 5.5 on the seven point scale. While the relative importance weight of cropland landscape field was 0.71, the weight of intra-structure landscape field was 0.29. Among the cropland landscape, relatively higher weight was assigned to farming system (0.47) and margins (0.31), as compared with hydrological system (0.22). In the farming system, crop (0.40) and farm land (0.39) were the most important landscape units. In the margins, higher weight was given to Buffer zone (0.44) and Trees (0.42). Biological habitat (0.43) ranked the highest score in the hydrological system. Preferable landscape elements were glass house, companion plants, rice paddy field, diverse crop species, small pond, and small river, which are representing ecological advantage of organic farming systems. This result indicated that the landscape elements identified in the study would be suitable to evaluate ecological aspect of rural landscape in organic farmland.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic inputs on soil properties in a newly reclaimed organic soils. The soil of the experiment site was very low in soil fertility and the physico-chemical properties were poor. Several organic input treatments with different source of nutrient were placed, including compost in combination with green manures for organic agricultural practices, chemical fertilizers for conventional agricultural practices, and control without fertilizer. The experiment was conducted with continuous cropping system during 3 years. The chemical properties concentration in compost+green manure treatment was increased continually compare to control and chemical fertilizer treatment, and closed to the recommended rate of fertilizer. The organic matter value for compost+ green manure treatment was increased from 0.86~0.96% to 2.00~2.29% by continuous nutrient supply of compost and green manure. However, further investigation on increasing of organic matter value for 3 years is necessary to monitor carefully during the long-term because it will help to clarify the all mechanisms of organic matter on organic input application way. The available phosphate value for compost+ green manure treatment was generally increased from 21.9~27.1 mg/kg to 182.0~ 394.1 mg/kg. In case of exchange cation, the concentration for compost+ green manure treatment was increased during 2 years within the range to the recommended rate of fertilizer, however, it is expected to cause a rather over supply for 3 years.

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of organic matter application on soil microbial activities and diversities in a newly reclaimed soil. Soil chemical properties, population of microbe, microbial biomass, and properties of microbial community were investigated under 4 different treatment (animal manure compost+ green manure, chemical fertilizer, and without fertilizer). The experiment was conducted for 3 years from 2012 to 2014. The most of chemical properties in the animal manure compost+green manure treatment were increased continually compare to chemical fertilizer and without fertilizer. The population of bacteria and fungi were higher in the animal manure compost+green manure treatment, however, there was no difference on actinomyces. Soil microbial biomass C content was higher in the animal manure compost+green manure treatment than in chemical fertilizer and without fertilizer. Biolog examination showed that catabolic diversities of bacterial communities were higher in the treatment of animal manure compost+green manure. It was showed that principle component analysis of the Biolog data differentiated the organic matter amended soils from NPK and control. These results indicated that application of animal manure compost+green manure had a beneficial effect on soil microbial properties.

본 시험은 유기재배 배추(Brassica oleracea L.)에서 가묘상 준비 후 잡초관리 방법이 잡초발생과 배추 생장에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 2013년 봄과 가을작기에 수행되었다. 잡초관리 방법에는 천경, 화염, PE멀칭, 무처리를 포함하였다. 천경처리는 봄작기에서 잡초억제 효과가 작았으나 화염처리는 봄과 가을작기 모두 효율적으로 잡초를 억제하였다. 봄작기에는 PE멀칭구에서 30%의 tip-burn이 관찰되었다. 가묘상 준비에 의한 잡초관리로 봄과 가을작기 모두 관행 PE멀칭과 비슷한 엽수와 신선중 및 수량이 가능하였다. 결구정도는 무처리구에서 가장 낮았다. 가을작기는 봄작기 보다 잡초생장이 감소되었고 이에 따라 배추 수량은 증가되었다. 이상의 결과로 가묘상을 통한 천경이나 화염처리는 잡초발생을 크게 감소시켜서 PE 멀칭 대용으로서 친환경적인 초생관리의 효과가 기대되었다.

We conducted a survey of actual using conditions of farm-made liquid fertilizers by investigating their formulation types, materials, making processes, using methods and various beneficial effects on 29 farms certified by National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service to produce environment-friendly agricultural products in 2009. Most of the materials used to make liquid fertilizers are those that can be easily obtained around the farms. Molasses or black sugar are added as an energy source of microorganism. And leaf mold, bacterial cultures supplied by agricultural extension centers of local governments, and cultures of native microorganisms were used as microbial sources for fermenting effective microorganisms. Types of the farm-made liquid fertilizers were fermented liquid fertilizers, fermented plant juices, amino acid liquid fertilizers, calcium-liquid fertilizers, and phosphoric acid liquid fertilizers. Effects of liquid fertilizers used by the farms were found to promote plant growth by supplying nutrition, to accelerate blooming and flower bud formation, to enhance the quality of agricultural products such as increase of sugar contents and improvement of storing conditions, to induce resistance against diseases and insect pests, and to cause endurance to high temperature stress. Chemical properties of the liquid fertilizers collected were analyzed. As a result, pH and EC range showed differences according to kinds of the liquid fertilizers. Amount of macro-nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphoric acid, in most of the collected liquid fertilizers, was found to be low. Even though the liquid fertilizers were made from same materials, their contents was found to be different depending on the making process.

This study was conducted to investigate the changes in physicochemical and microbiological properties during fermenting process of farm-made organic liquid fertilizer made of the mixture of organic materials such as blood meal and molasse during fermenting process. The pH level of organic liquid fertilizer during the fermentation decreased from 7.2 to 4.3. The EC of organic liquid fertilizer was increased from 13.9 dS/m to 99.3 dS/m during the fermentation. The total population of aerobic bacteria decreased from 8.2×105 cfu/ml to 3×104 cfu/ml, but Bacillus spp. increased from 2.1×102 cfu/ml to 4.2×103 cfu/ml during the fermenta-tion. Bacterial isolates were obtained from organic liquid fertilizers and identified by fatty acid-base typing. The Genus Bacillus was dominant as fermenting proceeded. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profile showed changes of bacterial communities in organic liquid fertilizers.