The armillary sphere, an astronomical observation device embodying the Orbital Heaven Theory of the Later Han Dynasty in China, holds both historical and scientific significance. It has been produced in various forms by many individuals since its inception in the era of King Sejong in the Joseon Dynasty. A prominent figure in this field was Nam Byeong-cheol (南秉哲, 1817-1863), known for his work 'Uigijipseol' (儀器輯說), published in 1859, which detailed the history, production methods, and usage of the armillary sphere. This text particularly highlights 21 applications of the armillary sphere, divided into 33 measurements, covering aspects like installation, time, and positional measurements, supplemented with explanations of spherical trigonometry. Despite numerous records of the armillary sphere's design during the Joseon Dynasty, detailed usage information remains scarce. In this study, the 33 measurements described in 'Uigijipseol' (儀器輯說) were systematically classified into six for installation, nineteen for position measurement, seven for time measurement, and one for other purposes. Additionally, the measurement methods were analyzed and organized by dividing them into the ecliptic ring, moving equatorial ring, and fixed equatorial ring of the armillary sphere. In other words, from a modern astronomical perspective, the results of schematization for each step were presented by analyzing it from the viewpoint of longitude, right ascension, and solar time. Through the analysis of Nam's armillary sphere, this study not only aims to validate the restoration model of the armillary sphere but also suggests the potential for its use in basic astronomical education based on the understanding of the 19th-century Joseon armillary sphere.

In this study, complaints from visitors in the science museum satisfaction survey were categorized into four primary factors and ten sub-factors. This categorization aimed to provide recommendations for enhancing the Geochang Wolseong Space Creative Science Museum as an illustrative case study. Futhermore, the study examimed the relative importance of each factor by surveying 90 science museum visitors. The following results are obtained. Firstly, it was evident that the Geochang Wolseong Space Creative Science Museum requires urgent improvement. Certainly, in the primary factors, issues related to the utilization environment emerged as the most significant sources of dissatisfaction, while in the sub-factors, the adequacy of fees was identified as the most prominent concern. Secondly, through the result of the IPA (Importance-Performance Analysis) of the complaint factors, four primary issues were identified as top priorities for consideration: fare adequacy, lack of convenient facilities, in sufficient publicity, and a lack of distinctiveness compared to similar facilities. Lastly, when analyzing the relationship between complaints and overall satisfaction, factors related to human service, environment, and educational content had negative effects. In contrast, factors associated with science museum operation exhibited a different trend, suggestinga structural impact relationship with the overall impact of complaints.

Numerous Sundials were fabricated during the reign of King Sejong of the Joseon Dynasty. One among them is Jeongnam-Ilgu (the Fixing-South Sundial), where the time can be measured after setting up the suitable meridian line without a compass. We reconstructed the new Jeongnam-Ilgu model based on the records of ‘Description of Making the Royal Observatory Ganui (簡儀臺記)’ in the Veritable Record of King Sejong. Jeongnam-Ilgu has a summer solstice half-ring under a horizontal ring which is fixed to two pillars in the north and south, and in which a declination ring rotates around the polar axis. In our model, the polar axis matches the altitude of Hanyang (that is Seoul). There are two merits if the model is designed to install the polar axis in the way that enters both the north and south poles and rotates in them: One is that it is possible to fix the polar axis to the declination ring together with the cross-strut. The other is that a twig for hanging weights can be protruded on the North Pole. The declination ring is supposed to be 178 mm in diameter and is carved on the scale of the celestial-circumference degrees on the ring’s surface, where a degree scale can be divided into four equal parts through the diagonal lines. In addition, the time’s graduation that is drawn on the summer solstice half-ring makes it possible to measure the daytime throughout the year. An observational property of Jeongnam-Ilgu is that a solar image can be obtained using a pin-hole. The position cast by the solar image between hour circles makes a time measurement. We hope our study will contribute to the restoration of Jeongnam-Ilgu.

We investigated the records of astronomical phenomena in the Hyeonjong-Donggung-Ilgi written by the educational office for a crown prince, Sigang-won, during the time of a crown prince of the king Hyeonjong (i.e., from 1649 to 1659). Of the total of 3,625 days, 3,044 astronomical accounts were compiled from astronomical records of 2,003 days. We classified these astronomical accounts into 16 items, grouped into five categories, and statistically analyzed each group. In our analysis, the accounts for atmospheric optical phenomena equates to 57.9% of the total, and for celestial phenomena visible during the daytime the percentage is 17.3%. The records related to the approach between two objects such as planets, moon, and stars account for 3.3%, and solar or lunar eclipses take up 0.6%. The ratio of accounts regarding meteor, comet, and fire light (火光) stand at 13.8%, 0.30%, and 6.8%, respectively. Sunny days account for 71.1% of all days per year during this period. We determined that the distribution of the fire light by month is similar to that of the solar halo. We also found that the astronomical records from the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty correspond to only 30% of those of the Hyeonjong-Donggung-Ilgi for the same period. In particular, the phenomena of celestial objects occurring outside the atmosphere are transmitted to the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty in a higher proportion than the phenomena inside the air. It is therefore necessary to use a historical diary like a Donggung-Ilgi to interpret the phenomena in the air such as atmospheric optical events, meteor, and fire light.

We report a calendar sheet for the 31st year of the reign of King Gojong (1894) (hereafter, calendar sheet 1894) in Korea, which calendrical data in a single page. This calendar sheet 1894 is composed of 14 rows by 14 columns (about 190 cells), and various calendrical data are recorded such as the sexagenary circle of the first day in each month, 24 solar terms, full moon day. In this paper, we compare calendrical data of 1894 calendar sheet with those of the almanac based on the Shixian calendar (hereafter, annual almanac) of the same year. Our findings are as follows. First, we find that the year is expressed using the reign-year of the king of the Joseon dynasty differently from using the reign-style of China in the annual almanac those times. Other calendar days of this calendar sheet are the same as those of the annual almanac in term of lunar dates, 24 solar terms, sexagenary days and so forth. Second, we find that the calendar sheet 1894 contains memorial days for 64 lineally ancestors of the Joseon royal family. These royal memorial days appears in the annual almanac two years later (i.e., 1896). Third, as the most distinctive feature, we find that the symbol of 工 kept every two cells. It was found that the cells can be filled with three days as the maximum number of days and then are labelled the same symbol 工 every second cell. This feature allows us to get the first year in which this kind of calendar sheet was published. It is conjectured one of 11 years, such as 1845, 1846, 1847, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879 or 1880. We also think that the format of the calendar sheet 1894 has influenced on the Daehan-Minryeok (Korean civil calendar sheet) of 1920.

본 연구는 유기농 호박 재배시 문제가 되는 흰가루병을 효과적으로 방제하기 위한 난황유 플러스와 pH교정황토유황합제의 처리기술을 개발하고자 하였다. 50개 호박 품종을 이용하여 흰가루병, 역병, 시들음병에 대한 병저항성 정도를 검정한 결과, 공시한 대부분의 품종은 흰가루병에 대해 감수성으로 나타났다. 덩굴쪼김병에 대하여 저항성을 보이는 품종은 FR계통의 대목품종 8개였다.역병에 대해서는 대부분 감수성을 나타내었으며, 3개(SP12, SP45, SP48)의 품종만이 중도 저항성을 보였다. 유기농 호박흰가루병을 방제하기 위해서는 0.3% COY(cooking oil and egg yolk mixture)보다 0.3% COY plus (cooking oil and egg yolk mixture plus 0.2% soluble CuSO4)나 1.0% PLS(pH adjusted loess sulfurmixture)를 사용하는 것이 흰가루병의 방제 지속 기간이 길고 효과적이었다. 또한 유기농 호박농가에서 0.3% COY plus나 1.0% PLS를 단독으로 처리할 경우 1주나 2주 간격으로 처리하는 것이 흰가루병 방제에 가장 효과적이며 0.3% COY plus나 1.0% PLS를 조합으로 처리할 경우 3주 간격으로 처리할 경우 흰가루병 방제 효과가 우수하였다. 따라서 0.3% 난황 유플러스(COY plus)나 1.0% pH교정황토유황합제(PLS)를 조합으로 처리할 경우 흰가루병 방제 효과가 우수하여 방제 비용을 절감하여 매우 경제적일 것으로 생각한다.

고추재배 시 농경지 관리를 통한 해충억제 효과를 연구하기 위하여 재배지 피복관리에 따른 해충과 천적의밀도를 조사하였다. 본 시험은 전북 완주군 내 국립농업과학원 유기재배 포장에서 이루어졌다. 한 시험구는 고추를정식하기 전에 녹비작물 3종(헤어리베치, 알파파, 크림슨)과 초화류 3종(백일홍, 메밀, 수레국화)을 파종하여 고추재배기간 생물피복을 유지하였고, 다른 시험구는 필름(비닐, 부직포)으로 토양을 피복하고 고추를 재배하였다. 시험포장의해충을 조사한 결과, 5월 중순부터 6월 하순까지 필름피복구에서 진딧물의 밀도가 생물피복구에 비해 월등히 높게나타났으며, 총채벌레는 발생이 높았던 6월의 경우 필름피복구가 생물피복구에 비해 밀도가 높았다. 포장내에서3종(거미, 무당벌레, 기생봉)의 천적을 조사하였는데, 종에 따라 다른 결과를 보였다. 거미의 경우 생물피복구에서밀도가 높았으나, 무당벌레는 필름피복구에서 밀도가 높았다.

목화진딧물은 전 세계적으로 분포하며, 기주 범위 또한 매우 넓은 해충 중 하나이다. 기주식물의 즙액을 흡즙하여 식물의 생육을 억제하고, 바이러스를 매개하여 피해를 준다. 본 연구에서는 목화진딧물 방제를 위해 활용되고 있는 뱅커플랜트의 효과적인 활용을 위해 백일홍의 콜레마니진디벌 보호효과를 평가하고자 실내와 비닐하우스내에 서 실험이 수행되었다. 실내평가는 암실조건에서 Y- tube olfactometer를 이용하여 백일홍에 대한 선호성을 조사하였다. 그 결과, 목화진딧물이 접종된 오이와 백일홍 혼합 처리구에서 목화진딧물이 접종된 오이 처리구 보다 유의한 수준의 선호성을 보였다. 망사케이지내에서 오이를 백일홍을 포함한 동반식물과 재식한 후 목화진딧물과 콜레마니진 디벌을 방사하여 기생된 머미수를 조사한 결과는 백일홍 처리구와 보리 처리구에서 머미 밀도가 가장 높았다. 비닐하우스 실험에서는 봄 / 가을작기 2회에 걸쳐 조사하였으며, 오이재배 포장에 백일홍을 가장자리에 재식하여 콜레마니진디벌의 목화진딧물 밀도억제 효과를 평가하였다. 그 결과, 봄작기 때 뱅커플랜트 단독처리구보다 백일홍 처리구에서 목화진딧물의 밀도가 낮았고, 가을 작기에는 대조구인 유기농업자재 처리구에서와 비슷한 수준의 목화진 딧물 밀도를 나타냈다. 위의 실험들을 통하여 백일홍을 뱅커플랜트와 함께 처리하였을 때 콜레마니진디벌 활성을 높여준다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 향후 백일홍처리에 따른 콜레마니진디벌 성충의 산란수 및 수명 변화 등 실내실험 및 포장에서의 콜레마니진디벌에 의한 목화진딧물 기생율 조사 등 추가 시험이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

The buffer green space of Sihwa industrial complex is located on the boundary of residential areas and industrial areas, and this regions have been the ability to mitigate environmental impact of noise, vibration, atmospheric. In this area, the survey of vegetation and bird was conducted to understand the biology structures and function of buffer green space from biology habitats and natural recovery for ecology restoration. The survey was performed four times according to the season. As a result, vegetation were distributed to the most widely Pinus thunbergii community (72.2%) in the whole survey area (approximately 0.32 km2), and grasslands (6.6%), Amorpha fruticosa community (4.1%), Koelreuteria paniculata community (4.0%), Acer buergerianum community (3.9%) in the order of distribution. The characteristics of vegetation distribution were mainly planted Pinus thunbergii in outlying areas, and Koelreuteria paniculata, Acer buergerianum, Sophora japonica, Quercus acutissima were planted in the middle areas. The birds observed in this area were a total of 37 species, 912 individuals, the species of legal protection were observed Falco tinnunculus 1 individuals. The most of birds observed in this area were the resident that can be observed easily in the park and greenland surrounding urban. The waterfowl almost were not observed because of lacking water space. Thus, as providing safe habitats and movement passageway of wildlife, the connection of ecological green areas will be strengthened.

지렁이는 토양 내 유기물을 분해하고 토양의 물리성을 개선하는 등 농경지에 매우 유익한 생물자원이다. 본 조사에서는 과수원에서 재배방법에 따른 지렁이의 밀도를 비교하기 위해 제주특별자치도 표선면에 위치한 4개의 감귤과수원에서 지렁이를 채집하여 발생량을 조사하였다. 조사포장은 유기재배 감귤원내 헤어리베치 재배구, 크림손 클로버 재배구, 일반초생구와 인근 관행재배 감귤원 3곳을 선정하였으며, 조사는 2016년 6월 1일에 실시하였다. 조사방법은 조사구당 3반복으로 감귤나무 1.5m 지점에서 50×50cm 넓이 15cm 깊이로 흙을 채취하여, 그 안에 있는 지렁이를 계수하고 생체중을 측정하였다. 채집된 지렁이수는 유기과수원의 헤어리베치, 크림손클로버, 일반초생 재배구에서는 각각 43.3마리, 40.5마리, 23마리, 관행농가는 평균 14.7마리였다. 생체중은 헤어리베치, 크림손클로버, 일반초생 재배구에서는 44.8g, 47.2g, 32.8g, 관행에서는 10.9g이었다. 본 조사에서 지렁이는 유기과원에서, 특히 두과녹비작물 재배구에서 발생이 높은 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

지구상에 서식하는 곤충은 90만 종 이상이며 동물계의 70%이상을 차지한다고 알려져 있다. 이토록 다양한 곤충들 중 파리목과 벌목들의 시간대를 확인해보고자 전북 완주군에 위치한 국립농업과학원 내 야산에서 Malaise trap을 설치하여 시간대별로 포획한 파리목과 벌목들을 조사하였다. 6월과 9월 2회 조사했으며, 09시~12시, 12시~15시, 15시~18시, 18시~다음날 09시까지, 총 4회 수거하였고 3일 동안 반복하였다. 9월에는 같은 시기에 야생화재배지에서 추가로 조사하여 야산과의 시간대 별로 포획된 파리목과 벌목을 비교해 보았다. 종다양도는 6월과 9월 모두 12시 이후가 높게 나타나고 오전에는 낮게 나타났다. 야생화재배지의 종다양도는 야산보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 9월보다 6월이 종다양도가 높은 것으로 나타났다.