Electrospun nanofibers have emerged as transformative materials due to their unparalleled surface-to-volume ratios, tunable porosity, and excellent mechanical flexibility, making them suitable for energy storage, catalysis, biomedicine, and environmental remediation. However, their inherent surface limitations—poor chemical stability, insufficient active sites, and limited functionality—restrict their full potential. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has risen as a game-changing postsynthesis modification strategy, enabling atomic-scale precision in surface engineering. This is also impactful for carbonbased nanofibers, where surface inertness limits their electrochemical performance. This review critically examines advanced CVD techniques, including atomic layer deposition (ALD), plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD), and initiated CVD (iCVD), which enable the formation of conformal coatings, hierarchical functionalization, carbon nanotube integration, and interfacial optimization of as-spun nanofibers. We highlight breakthroughs in hydrophobicity, catalytic activity, biocompatibility, and energy storage performance, with applications ranging from oil–water separation to nerve gas detoxification, pH-responsive drug delivery, and high-capacity carbon-composite lithium-ion batteries. By dissecting deposition mechanisms, material innovations, and emerging applications, this work highlights the synergy between as-spun nanofibers and the exploitation of CVD techniques in designing versatile materials. Furthermore, advancements hinge on computational modeling, novel precursors, including carbon-rich sources, and scalable processes to bridge lab-scale innovations with industrial deployment are desired. This comprehensive analysis provides a guiding framework for researchers utilizing CVD techniques as a postmodification tool to develop nanofiber-based solutions addressing global challenges in sustainability, healthcare, and energy.

Precision surface tailoring via chemical vapor deposition to electrospun nanofibers for next-generation applications
    Abstract
    1 Introduction
    2 Advanced CVD techniques and functional advantages for high-performance nanofiber engineering
    3 CVD-driven surface engineering of electrospun nanofibers:
        3.1 For oil–water separation
        3.2 For photocatalytic application
        3.3 For detoxification of nerve gases
        3.4 For high effective surface area support platform
        3.5 For superior lithium storage
        3.6 pH-responsive coatings for controlled release
        3.7 CVD-engineered electrospun nanofibers with surface functionalization
        3.8 For biomedical applications
    4 Conclusion
    Acknowledgements 
    References

• Sumayah Shakil Wani(Nanostructure and Biomimetic Lab, Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir Hazratbal, Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India)
• Anjum Hamid Rather(Nanostructure and Biomimetic Lab, Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir Hazratbal, Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India)
• Salsabeel Amin Kabli(Nanostructure and Biomimetic Lab, Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir Hazratbal, Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India)
• Ibtisam Hamid(Nanostructure and Biomimetic Lab, Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir Hazratbal, Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India)
• Rumysa Saleem Khan(Nanostructure and Biomimetic Lab, Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir Hazratbal, Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India)
• Faheem A. Sheikh(Nanostructure and Biomimetic Lab, Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir Hazratbal, Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India) Corresponding author
• Mushtaq A. Beigh(Cellular Signalling and Nanotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India)
• Shafquat Majeed(Multifunctional Nanomaterials Laboratory, Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India)