Efficient energy conversion technologies require cost-effective and durable catalysts for water oxidation. This study presents SnS2/ C composite synthesized via solvothermal method to enhance electrocatalytic performance in water splitting. Morphological analysis reveals that carbon incorporation disrupts the flower-like SnS2 nanosheets, increasing active site accessibility and improving charge transfer efficiency. Three different electrolytes (KOH, PBS and H2SO4) are systematically employed to evaluate the material’s electrocatalytic activity comprehensively. The electrochemical tests indicate that pure SnS₂ exhibits an overpotential (η) of 410 mV at 10 mA/cm2 for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in 1 M KOH. Integration of carbon significantly lowers this value to 180 mV with a tafel slope of 103 mV/dec for SSC12 (1:2 SnS₂/C) composite. For hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acidic media, SSC12 achieves an η of 275 mV at 500 mA/cm2 with a tafel slope of 121 mV/dec. The catalyst further demonstrates strong durability for OER in 1 M KOH but shows diminished HER activity in 0.5 M H2SO4. This study demonstrates the synergistic role of carbon in enhancing SnS₂ catalytic attributes, emphasizing the potential of these composites for sustainable energy conversion applications.

A comparative study of oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions in alkaline, acidic and neutral media using SnS2C catalyst
    Abstract
        Graphical Abstract
    1 Introduction
    2 Experimentation
        2.1 Chemicals
        2.2 Material synthesis
        2.3 Characterization
        2.4 Electrocatalytic activity
    3 Results analysis
        3.1 Electrocatalytic activity
    4 Conclusion
    Acknowledgements 
    References

• Masood ul Hassan Farooq(Laboratory of Eco‑Materials and Sustainable Technology (LEMST), Natural Sciences and Humanities Department, New Campus, UET Lahore, Lahore 54890, Pakistan)
• Iqra Fareed(Laboratory of Eco‑Materials and Sustainable Technology (LEMST), Natural Sciences and Humanities Department, New Campus, UET Lahore, Lahore 54890, Pakistan, Department of Physics, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan)
• Muhammad Danish Khan(Laboratory of Eco‑Materials and Sustainable Technology (LEMST), Natural Sciences and Humanities Department, New Campus, UET Lahore, Lahore 54890, Pakistan, Department of Physics, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan)
• Muhammad Farooq Khan(Department of Electrical Engineering, Sejong University, Gwangjin District, Neungdong‑Ro, Seoul 209, South Korea)
• Mashal Firdous(Department of Physics, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54770, Pakistan)
• Faheem K. Butt(Department of Physics, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54770, Pakistan)
• Zeeshan Asghar(School of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China)
• Yahya Sandali(Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Jeddah, 23890 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia)
• Muhammad Tahir(School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK)