Fluorinated carbons ( CFX) are promising cathode materials for lithium primary batteries due to their high energy density, yet suffer from poor electronic conductivity. Manganese dioxide ( MnO2), on the other hand, offers superior rate capability, but limited capacity. Here, we design MnO2/ CFx hybrid cathodes by combining MnO2 with CFX materials synthesized at controlled fluorination levels (x = 0.4–1.0) to synergistically optimize both energy and power performance. Structural and spectroscopic analyses reveal that moderate fluorination (x = 0.6) induces a favorable balance of semi-ionic C–F and interfacial O–F bonds, enhancing electron delocalization and charge transfer at the MnO2/ CFX interface. In contrast, excessive fluorination (x ≥ 0.8) leads to the formation of electrochemically inert C–F2 and C–F3 species, suppressing redox kinetics. As a result, MnO2/ CFX-0.6 delivers a discharge capacity of 390 mAh g–1−1 at 0.05 C and retains 182 mAh g–1−1 at 4 C, outperforming both pristine MnO2 and other CFX variants. This work establishes interfacial fluorine bonding configuration, not just bulk F/C ratio, as a critical design parameter for high-performance hybrid cathodes.

Impact of CFX fluorination level on the electrochemical performance of MnO2CFX hybrid cathodes in lithium primary batteries
    Abstract
    1 Introduction
    2 Experimental
        2.1 Preparation of samples
        2.2 Characterization
        2.3 Electrochemical properties of the samples
    3 Results and discussion
        3.1 Physicochemical properties of the samples
        3.2 Electrochemical characteristics of the samples
    4 Conclusion
    Acknowledgements 
    References

• Seongmin Ha(Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea)
• Seoyeong Cheon(Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea)
• Seongjae Myeong(Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea)
• Sangyeop Lee(Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea)
• Young‑Seak Lee(Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea, Institute of Carbon Fusion Technology (InCFT), Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea) Corresponding author
• Jin‑Yong Shin(Chungcheong Division Reliability Center, Korea Confomity Laboratories, Yuseong‑gu, Daejeon 34027, Republic of Korea)