Developing reliable models that capture the complexity of maternal– embryonic interactions and implantation is essential for deepening our understanding of early embryonic development as well as the underlying mechanisms of reproductive disorders. Conventional two-dimensional (2D) culture systems, however, fall short in accurately replicating the dynamic and multilayered in vivo microenvironment. In contrast, three-dimensional (3D) organoid technologies have recently emerged as a transformative approach, offering structurally and functionally relevant platforms that better reflect physiological conditions. This review highlights the latest strategies, innovations, and methodological advances in employing 3D organoids to model maternal–embryonic communication and implantation processes. It also outlines their growing potential in research applications and personalized medicine, particularly within the context of assisted reproductive technologies. Furthermore, the review discusses future directions for organoid-based studies from the endometrium, oviduct, ovary, testis, and epididymis have been established, their integration with gametes and embryos marks a new frontier. Cross-species work, especially your pioneering studies on endometrial organoids and lacunoids/cystoids, opens translational opportunities for understanding maternal–embryonic crosstalk, implantation biology, and fertility disorders. The review will discuss current advances, technical challenges, and future directions toward interconnected organoid systems (organoid-on-chip).

ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
ORGANOIDS
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT ORGANOIDS
    Oviduct (fallopian tube) organoids
    Endometrial organoids
    Trophoblastic lacunoids and cystoids
    Lacunoids/cystoids as novel structural and functionalunits mimicking implantation lacunae
    Cervical and vaginal organoids
CROSS-SPECIES AND COMPARATIVEREPRODUCTIVE ORGANOIDS
    Bovine models
    Porcine models
    Equine models
    Ovine models
CONSERVATION BIOLOGY ANDTRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE TOHUMAN REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY
INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS AND CO-CULTUREMODELS
CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

• Islam M. Saadeldin(Comparative Medicine Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia)
• Ahmad Yar Qamar(College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-Campus of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)
• Yunju Ha(College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea)
• Seeun Kim(College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea)
• Seungjun Lee(College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea)
• Min Jung Kim(College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea)
• Jongki Cho(College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea) Corresponding author
• Sang-Gon Shin(Department of Companion Animal Health, Cheongam University, Suncheon 57997, Korea)
• Kiyoung Yoon(Department of Companion Animal, Shingu College, Seongnam 13174, Korea)
• Hyejin Kim(Division in Biomedical Art, Department of Fine Art, Incheon Catholic University Graduate School, Incheon 21986, Korea)