This study compared the use of health functional foods (HFF) by household composition—specifically the presence of minor children—and identified the factors associated with the level of purchase using data from the Food Consumption Behavior Survey 2023 by the Korea Rural Economic Institute. The responses from 3,176 household food purchasers were analyzed, using complex-sample design weights. The primary food purchasers in households with minors (HM) were characterized by a higher proportion of females and purchasers in their 40s–50s, whereas households without minors (HNM) were more often 1–2-person adult households with older purchasers. Both groups reported high rates of home cooking, but HM had a higher shopping frequency. HFF purchases were largely self-initiated rather than gift-driven. The motivations of HFF purchase differed by household type: HM more frequently reported growth/development, learning enhancement, and disease prevention, while HNM emphasized fatigue recovery, health promotion, and disease treatment. The non-use of HFF was most commonly attributed to the lack of perceived needs; information deficits were more salient in HM, whereas cost concerns were stronger in HNM. The average use was 2.2 products per household, with vitamins/minerals, probiotics, omega-3 fatty acids, and ginseng most common. Logistic regression analysis showed that income, interest in health, purchasing method, and product variety were significant predictors of increased HFF spending in HNM, but the explanatory power of the model was not statistically significant in HM. These findings suggest that consumer education and communication strategies regarding HFF should be tailored to the household life cycle and emphasize their safe use, particularly for HM.