Peri-implantitis leads to bacterial contamination of titanium implant surfaces, potentially impairing the integrity of peri-implant tissues. This study investigated the effects of various decontamination strategies on contaminated titanium surfaces and their impact on gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs). Both rough and machined titanium surfaces were contaminated with bacteria and subsequently subjected to various mechanical and chemical decontamination methods. GMSC viability and osteogenic responses were analyzed to characterize cellular behavior on the treated surfaces. Cellular responses varied according to surface morphology. On rough surfaces, cell viability declined over time regardless of bacterial contamination or subsequent decontamination treatments. Conversely, machined surfaces supported increased cell viability in both decontaminated and uncontaminated groups, whereas viability remained unchanged on untreated contaminated surfaces. These findings suggest that effective bacterial decontamination of machined surfaces may promote GMSC proliferation and establish cellular conditions favorable for maintaining peri-implant tissue stability under controlled in vitro conditions. Correlation analyses demonstrated surface-dependent osteogenic responses. On rough surfaces, GMSC viability was positively correlated with calcium deposition. These findings suggest that titanium surface morphology may modulate mineralization-associated responses in GMSCs.

Introduction
Materials and Methods
    1. Bacterial culture on pretreated titanium discs
    2. Isolation and culturing of GMSCs
    3. Surface debridement with various instruments
    4. GMSCs seeding and osteogenic differentiation
    5. Determination of cell viability
    6. ALP activity assay
    7. ARS for mineralization
    8. Statistical analysis
Results
    1. Determination of cell viability (CCK assay)
    2. ALP activity
    3. ARS for mineralization
    4. Correlation between cell viability, ALP activity, andcalcium deposition
Discussion
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References

• Sung-Il Lee(Chaeum Dental Clinic, Gangneung 25515, Republic of Korea, Department of Medicine, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea)
• Jun-Beom Park(Department of Medicine, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea, Department of Periodontics, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea)
• Youngkyung Ko(Department of Medicine, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea, Department of Periodontics, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea) Corresponding author