Characteristics and Structural Relationships of Indicators in the River Lateral Connectivity Assessment Framework
This study examined the relationships among indicators, distributional differences between connected and disconnected reaches, and the latent structure of indicators within the current lateral connectivity assessment framework. The lateral connectivity assessment system evaluates the physical connection between streams and floodplains using indicators related to channel cross-section, levee slope, culverts, vegetation cover, urbanized area, and wetland area. However, empirical understanding of whether these indicators operate independently and how they differ between connected and disconnected reaches remains limited. To address this gap, Mann-Whitney U tests, Spearman correlation analysis, and exploratory factor analysis based on a Spearman correlation matrix were conducted. The results showed that connected and disconnected reaches differed significantly in most indicators, including channel cross-section, vegetation cover, culverts, riverside slope, landward slope, and urbanized area. Spearman correlation and exploratory factor analysis indicated that major physical structural indicators, such as channel cross-section, levee slope, and culverts, tended to vary together and loaded on the same factor. These findings suggest that the current assessment framework effectively reflects physical connectivity between streams and floodplains, while also indicating that some structural indicators may represent overlapping characteristics. In contrast, wetland area showed weak associations with other indicators, formed an independent factor structure, and did not significantly differ between connected and disconnected reaches. Therefore, wetland-related indicators should be improved by incorporating functional connectivity, such as hydrological connection, flood inundation frequency, and residence time, rather than relying solely on area-based measures. This study provides empirical evidence for interpreting and refining lateral connectivity assessment indicators.