The study aims to identify the role of transformational leadership toward work performance through intrinsic motivation in pharmaceutical field by a survey of 220 pharmacists in Vietnam. The pharmaceutical industry in Vietnam is experiencing rapid growth, accompanied by the need for a change in leadership for managers. The transformational leadership creates a proactive, positive attitude, passion, interest or an increase in intrinsic motivation of employees, thereby affecting work performance. This study performed reliable verification by Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient, then the factors are analyzed by EFA before conducting multivariate regression analysis. The results showed that the transformational leadership style includes such factors as: idealized influence (attributed and behavior), inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration have a positive impact on intrinsic motivation and thereby positively affecting work performance. It confirms that employees will have a higher intrinsic motivation level when working under transformational leadership from their leaders. It makes employees work more efficiently. According to the research results, the pharmacist has an intrinsic motivation to work hard on tasks that contribute to the group overall goal of. That requires managers to have a task assignment strategy to connect the goals of the members together as well as of the members to the group.

As the recent tendency of career management has changed, companies have supported progressive career management and development of their employees internally. And strengthening job crafting is an effective activity not only to improve the work efficiency of the organizations but also to improve the job satisfaction and wellbeing of their employees. In these backgrounds, this paper aims to explore the components of job crafting for the multinational employees in order to emphasize the importance of job crafting and empirically analyze the influential relationship in terms of career success through career commitment and career attitude. Based on literature review the job crafting was defined with three components; task crafting, relation crafting, and cognitive crafting. A total of 336 survey data were analyzed for a total of 27 multinational corporations. As the analysis result the task crafting and cognitive crafting of multinational employees were shown to have an influence on career attitude, but relation crafting did not have any impact on career. It can be interpreted that the employees have self-directed career attitude through a method of showing visible performance based on their given jobs rather than having individual career management attitude through relationships between departments, organizational members, and supervisors.

The study examines how business conditions, demand conditions and the role of government can influence the development of batik clusters in Pekalongan. This research is expected to be able to provide recommendations for both employers and local governments in order to help in optimizing the development of batik clusters. The research applied a quantitative research by engaging multiple regression analysis as an effort to understand the effect of the relationship between independent and dependent variables. In addition, this research was conducted in three largest batik clusters in Pekalongan, Indonesia namely batik cluster of Pasindon, Kauman, and Jenggot. These results indicate that business conditions positively affect the batik clusters development. It implies that the greater both business conditions in a cluster will lead the better the development. Indeed, the demand conditions also have an impact on the cluster development. This finding remarked that demand conditions are variable that need to be considered to development of batik cluster. Lastly, Government’s role is confirmed that positively related to the Development of Batik Clusters. It implies that the more active the government’s role in a cluster will have a good impact on the development of the cluster in certain area.

This study empirically analyzes how the career orientation factors of startup entrepreneurs affect entrepreneurial satisfaction as well as business sustainability. We propose directions for startup sustainability and development. Based on previous research, we defined the career orientation of entrepreneurs through the five orientation factors of security, autonomy, technical competence, managerial competence, and entrepreneurial creativity. We constructed a research model to determine whether these factors have a causal relationship with entrepreneurial satisfaction or business sustainability through the medium of organizational entrepreneurship. We surveyed startups in Korea using a questionnaire and collected and analyzed a total of 282 points of survey data. The analysis results demonstrated that the entrepreneurial creativity and managerial competence of the members of a startup can play an important role within entrepreneurial satisfaction and business sustainability. Both autonomy and technical competence exhibited no effect on entrepreneurial satisfaction and business sustainability through the medium of entrepreneurship, while security showed a negative effect. In order to improve entrepreneurial satisfaction and achieve business sustainability, we confirmed that it was more important for startups to consider the creativity and business management competences of entrepreneurs rather than pursue business security or have a technology-oriented attitude.

The study examines the impact of financial risk, convenience risk, non-delivery risk; return policy risk and product risk on online consumer behavior of Malaysian consumers. The research employed a self-administered survey to collect empirical data from 245 Malaysian online shoppers by using convenience sampling. Cronbach alpha was calculated to confirm the reliability of the data and then normality was assessed. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was then conducted to test the model using the goodness-of-fit tests. And finally, structural equation modeling is used to test the hypotheses and draw conclusions. IBM SPSS AMOS version 22.0 was utilized for data analysis. The research indicates that product risk, convenience risk, and return policy risk have a significant and positive impact on online shopping behavior. Financial risk is found to have insignificant and negative effects on consumer behavior. In addition, the non-delivery risk is found to have a significant and negative impact on online shopping behavior. The findings provide a useful model for measuring and managing perceived risk in online shopping which may result in an increase in participation of Malaysian consumers and reduce their cognitive deficiencies in the e-commerce environment. Several managerial implications are discussed along with the scope for future research.

The study examines the relationship between perceived mental benefits, online trust, and personal information disclosure when shopping online in Vietnam. The e-commerce market has been booming in Vietnam since 2015. The number of online transactions and e-commerce sites has increased steadily in recent years. However, the number of online sales in Vietnam is still not high, and consumers are still limited in buying from websites when they have to provide too much information during and after the shopping process. The mix-method is used to ensure the scientific nature of the study. Qualitative research method (phenomenological research) along with the quantitative research method (survey) are applied to meet the research objectives. The data in the study was collected through the group discussion with eight experts and the survey with 917 respondents. Data processing result via SmartPLS software indicate the positive relationships between the factors in the research. The perceived mental benefits have the most potent influence on the online trust of Vietnamese customers; at the same time, both the perceived mental benefits and online trust affect customers personal information disclosure in electronic commerce. Some managerial implications relating increasing the perceived mental benefits, and customers' online trust are proposed for online businesses.

The purpose of this study is to identify the barriers of university and industry cooperation and to develop recommendations for the internal ecosystem of technology commercialization. The research method used is a survey of three categories of experts from 9 universities of Almaty (researchers, technology transfer managers, spin-off-owners). Despite the strong efforts of the government of Kazakhstan in building innovation infrastructure, there is a low level of innovation activity, less than 5% of university inventions are transferred into the industry. The results of the expert survey showed that the main barriers for cooperation between university and industry are: lack of resources to build university-industry links, lack of time due to high teaching load, poor qualification of technology transfer managers and lack of networking with industry. Based on the results of the expert survey, it is proposed to develop the ecosystem for the commercialization of university-based technologies, for which the following economic activities are important: human resources, financing, intellectual property management system, and intermediary infrastructure. The results of this study can be applied in developing the strategies and policies for universities, public research organizations, as well as for national R&D and higher education policies.

The study aims to analyze the adaptation strategies and resilience of tobacco farmers to face unfavorable trading system. The research method refers to a qualitative approach with phenomenological models and case studies. The findings revealed tobacco farmers in Jember developed various adaptation strategies and resilience through farmer group organizations, partnerships, self-capacity building and access to financial institutions based on economic, social, cultural, and experience values from various sources and interactions among fellow tobacco farmers. The tobacco trading system, which is left to the market mechanism, results in low bargaining power of farmers, this encourages tobacco farmers to develop various adaptation and survival strategies, namely through collective activities of farmer groups, partnerships and self-development and access to financial institutions. Dealing with the unfavorable tobacco trading system, tobacco farmers do not switch to other commodity farming but adapt and make Jember a center for tobacco production in East Java and Indonesia. From this findings, it suggests to the government as the regulator does not only provide subsidies for tobacco farmers, but also must provide various technical assistance to increase the ability of tobacco farmers. More importantly, regulations must be made benefit tobacco farmers other than corporations so that equality can be enjoyed by tobacco economy players.

The study aims to build a model for evaluating the effectiveness of activities and the effectiveness of financial investments in hightech industries in Kazakhstan. The development of high-tech industries plays an important role in the economic growth of a country. In this regard, it is relevant to study the effectiveness of financing the most important industry in Kazakhstan. The development of the high-tech sector ensures the efficient functioning of the national innovation system. High-tech enterprises are one of the competitive sectors that allow us to develop and implement leading-edge innovations with the goal of their subsequent commercialization domestically and abroad. The author defines the multicriteria of efficiency in a knowledge-based economy associated with achieving an economic effect with multivariate correlation of results with costs. A multivariate dynamic model, an integral indicator of performance, an integral indicator of cost-effectiveness is proposed. The assessment of the effectiveness of financial costs and performance indicators in all regions of Kazakhstan have the positive dynamics of indicators, as well as a high economic effect. The results of the study can be applied in regional management to adequately assess the effectiveness of high-tech organizations and the effectiveness of financial investments, contribution to ensuring the economic security of the region.

Despite the fact that the implementation of 5% rule is widely recognized to enhance the transparency of capital market and fairness of corporate governance market, a few evidences present information effect of 5% rule. Using 7,088 non-financial firm-year observations listed on the Korea Stock Exchange from 2006 to 2012, we analyze the relation between trading volume and 5% rule disclosure. The results show that the daily and abnormal trading volume is increased when 5% rule disclosure is released. Moreover, the trading volume is significantly increased during cooling period. Specifically, trading volume is significantly greater when one day before cooling period or the expiration day of cooling period. We also find the information effect of firms with stable ownership structure before 5% rule disclosure is relatively smaller than the firms with unstable ownership structure with unstable ownership structure. These results imply that capital market participants use the information from 5% rule disclosure and reflect in their real economic decision.