The objective of this study was evaluated the influences of the nitrogen fertilization level on timothy silage fermentation quality, nutritive value, and nutrient intake. In both the first and second crops, high level nitrogen fertilization (H) led to a lower WSC content and higher CP content than standard nitrogen fertilization (S). The silage fermentation quality was good in the presence of a Lactobacillus inoculant (SI and HI) than uninoculant (SC and HC). In the first crop silage, the TDN content and intake were significantly higher (P＜0.01) for HI than for SI. In the second silage, the DM, DE, and TDN intakes did not significantly differ among the 4 treatments.

The main develop stages of forage breeding in China was reviewed. The achievements in forage germplasm collection, preservation and evaluation were briefed. Registration varieties were classified. The improvement of forage breeding methods and techniques were summarized. Finally, make prospects on forage breeding of China.

In this study, GSTs gene homology fragment from Mongolian wheatgrass(Agropyron mongolicum Keng) was isolated using homology-based method. one partials gene sequences have been obtained by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Sequence analysis using Software of DNAman and DNAuser etc, and showed that the cDNA sequences was 344 base pairs, encoding 62 amino acids. The partial gene had C-terminal conserved domains of substrate binding pocket (H-site) of GSTs superfamily. Homology comparison with GSTs gene amino acid sequences in other plants showed that it was 91% identical to 19E50 of wheat, 90% to pk0078 and 88% to gstf6. It was named as MwGSTs.

Thee kinds of explants, young spikes, immature and mature embryos, was compared in callus induction, embryogenic callus formation, differentiation and plant regeneration of Russian wildrye. Callus induction efficient of young spikes is highest. The imature embryos formed more somatic embryogenesis, and with highest frequency of embryogenic callus.

Soil temperature is an important factor influencing crop growth. Within limits, a higher soil temperature will promote crop growth, especially in cool climate regions. Compost application can increase soil temperature, however the mechanism of increasing soil temperature remains unclear. We conducted a pot experiment to examine the effects of compost application on soil temperature and evaporation in a bare Andisol. Pots with compost (16㎏ m?²) had a higher soil temperature and less evaporation than pots without compost. The decrease in evaporation and the increase in soil temperature by compost application were significantly correlated. We conclude that compost application increases soil temperature by decreasing evaporation from the soil surface.

In this paper, the effect of different land-use types on soil organic carbon (SOC) and Particulate Organic Carbon(POC) was studied by analyzing the soils in the meadow and conversing land of grassland to cropland in ecotones of agriculture and animal husbandry. It is shown t㏊t, compared with meadow, rotations of P/O and P/Cwill reduce SOC in 0-30㎝ soil layers by 47.54%-65.11% and 34.16-64.26% and POC by 16.90%-24.48% and 11.94%-20.29%, respectively. And SOC in meadow is more t㏊n in conversing land of grassland to cropland (P＜0.05). Conversing grassland to cropland in ecotones of agriculture and animal husbandry will decrease the contents of SOC and POC.

A field experiment was conducted to develop a no-herbicide cropping system of high protein forage. The first crop of winter ㏊bit Italian ryegrass sown in early-April produced DM yield of 4.5t/㏊ (crude protein content: 13.5%) in mid-June and the succeeding crop of soybean no-till planted into ryegrass produced DM yield of 5.1t/㏊ (crude protein content: 19.7%) in Late-October. In this cropping system, the ryegrass remained in vegetative phase during all cropping season and formed dense sod. This sod functioned as living mulch and suppressed weeds without herbicide application both during ryegrass and soybean cropping. Though the soybean germinated under the canopy of regrowing ryegrass sod, its growth was scarcely depressed by the canopy s㏊de because the seedling of soybean appeared above the canopy of sod in a few days. Contrariwise, the ryegrass was gradually shaded by the soybean and ㏊d died before October harvest. The degree of weed suppression by the ryegrass living mulch varied with seeding rate of ryegrass or weed pressure in the field. The optimum seeding rate to suppress weed was 50㎏/㏊ in the field with low or medium weed pressure and was 80 ㎏/㏊ in the field with high weed pressure.

We measured cobalt content in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry: their absorbance and back ground values. These analyses were with AA-680 of Shimadzu. The mode was BGC; wave length, 240.8 ㎚, 240.7 ㎚, 240.6 ㎚, respectively. The recommended wave length is 240.7 ㎚ for Co analysis. It was done through several ratios among 4 factors; mean of absorbance(AM), standard deviation of absorbance (AS), mean of background(BM), standard deviation of background.(BS). The result was t㏊t 240.6 ㎚ was the favourable. And t㏊t of 240.8 ㎚ was better t㏊n t㏊t of 240.7 ㎚ for the Co analysis.

Crushed, depitted peach stones were impregnated activated with 50% H3PO4 followed by pyrolysis at 500℃. Two activated carbons were produced, one under its own evolved gases during pyrolysis, and the second conducted with air flow throughout the carbonization stage. Physicochemical properties were investigated by several procedures; carbon yield, ash content, elemental chemical analysis, TG/DTG and FTIR spectra. Porosity characteristics were determined by the conventional N2 adsorption at 77 K, and data analyzed to get the major texture parameters of surface area and pore volume. Highly developed activated carbons were obtained, essentially microporous, with slight effect of air on the porous structure. Oxygen was observed to be markedly incorporated in the carbon matrix during the air treatment process. Cation exchange capacity towards Cu (II) and Cd (II) was tested in batch single ion experimental mode, which proved to be slow and a function of carbon dose, time and initial ion concentration. Copper was up taken more favorably than cadmium, under same conditions, and adsorption of both cations was remarkably enhanced as a consequence of the air treatment procedure. Sequestration of the metal ions was explained on basis of the combined effect of the oxygen functional groups and the phosphorous-containing compounds; both contributing to the total surface acidity character.

Successful in vitro embryo production heavily relies on the normal maturation and fertilisation of oocytes. We examined the normal and abnormal fertilisation of zebu cattle oocytes matured in vitro. Immature cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) from zebu cattle ovaries at slaughter were matured in vitro (IVM) for 24 h. The oocytes were either fixed, stained and examined for nuclear changes or fertilised in vitro (IVF) with Percoll-separated, heparintreated spermatozoa (1.0 /mL) of zebu (n = 7) and crossbred bulls (n = 7). After 18 h of sperm-COCs co-incubation at C with 5% in humidified air, the presumptive zygotes were fixed, stained and examined for pronuclei. The number of oocytes retrieved per ovary was 5.4 0.7. The percentage of matured oocytes was 73.0. The difference in motility of spermatozoa before and after Percoll seperation was significant (p<0.001). The percentages of normal and abnormal fertilisation (polyspermia and oocytes with one pronucleus) varied significantly depending on individual bulls (p<0.05). A protocol for IVF of IVM oocytes in Bangladeshi zebu cattle is developed. A future study may elucidate the capacity of such IVM-IVF oocytes to develop to the blastocyst stage for transfer to surrogate mother.

Gyeongbuk Agricultural Technology Administration carried out the nation opinion research to mushroom industry in 115 of the citizen and the provincials from 10/17/2008 to 10/18/2008. Which was for both grasping the citizen’s opinion and habits and understanding farmers’. The result of the research is the following. 37.4 percent people preferred Lentimus edodes among the all respondents and 27.0 percent preferred Flammulina velutipes. As for the purchasing place, 57.4 percent buy them in large retail stores, 40.9 percent buy them in traditional markets. 67 percent of the respondents mainly use them in fall, 31.3 percent use them in winter. 88.7 percent of them mainly eat the mushrooms at home, 11.3 percent is at restaurants. 63.5 percent of them responded that the price of mushrooms was resonable, 26.1 percent answered that was expensive. In appearance, 27 percent of them chose yellow Flammulina velutipes as a goodlooking mushroom, 19.1 percent chose Lentimus edodes .

Lotus-type porous nickel with cylindrical pores was fabricated by unidirectional solidification under an Ar gas atmosphere using the thermal decomposition method of the compounds such as sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, and titanium hydride. The decomposed gas does form the pores in liquid nickel, and then, the pores become the cylindrical pores during unidirectional solidification. The decomposed particles from the compounds do play a rule on nucleation sites of the pores. The behavior of pore growth was controlled by atmosphere pressure, which can be explained by Boyle's law. The porosity and pore size decreased with increasing Ar gas pressure when the pores contain hydrogen gas decomposed from calcium and sodium hydroxide and titanium hydride, ; however it they did not change when the pores contain containing carbon dioxide decomposed from calcium carbonate. These results indicate that nickel does not have the solubility of carbon dioxide. Lotus-type porous metals can be easily fabricated by the thermal decomposition method, which is superior to the conventional fabrication method used to pressurized gas atmospheres.