We present Spitzer IRS spectroscopy of CO2 ice toward 19 young stellar objects (YSOs) with luminosity lower than 1L⊙ . Pure CO2 ice forms only at elevated temperatures, T > 20 K, and thus at higher luminosities. Current internal luminosities of YSOs with L < 1L⊙ do not provide such conditions out to radii of typical envelopes. Significant amounts of pure CO2 ice would signify a higher past luminosity. We analyze 15.2 μm CO2 ice bending mode absorption lines in comparison to the laboratory data. We decompose pure CO2 ice from 12 out of 19 young low luminosity sources. The presence of the pure CO2 ice component indicates high dust temperature and hence high luminosity in the past. The sum of all the ice components (total CO2 ice amount) can be explained by a long period of low luminosity stage between episodic accretion bursts as predicted in an episodic accretion scenario. Chemical modeling shows that the episodic accretion scenario explains the observed total CO2 ice amount best.

 ,  , Aleurolobus marlatti (Quaintance), Massilieurodes formosensis (Takahashi), and Pealius rhododendri Takahashi were found for the first time in Korea. This study provides a brief summary and photographs of the major characters of these species and an updated identification key to the whitefly species known to occur in Korea.

This essay explores the idea of insular peacefulness that is indicated based on the measurable premise of island communities in which killing is absent or statistically low. Insular peacefulness is explored in three sections. The first section presents the notion of a deep-rooted archetype of islands as places of freedom, wealth and peace which can be traced to mythological and historical constructions scattered through time and space. Ancient descriptions are followed by the late medieval and modern quest for lost insular paradises which are also depicted in fictional literary utopian accounts and contemporary libertarian seasteading projections and experiments. The concept of “Peace Island,” following Ko, is also introduced to contextualize the case study sections.Beyond utopian archetypes and realizations, the next section lays out three real insular communities that have been described as “peaceful” or “nonviolent”and that follow our criteria of being essentially killing-free islands. The three featured societies are Tristan da Cunha (British South Atlantic), Ifaluk (Micronesia) and Tahiti (Polynesia). Even if the strategies and structures of these remote and small communities are not necessarily applicable to larger insular populations, they certainly support the idea of the possibilities for realizing nonkilling societies through revised socio-cultural heuristic models.The final section offers another four examples of larger islands that have defined themselves—through collective social imagination and/or intentional constructions—as “islands of peace,” seeking to develop, position, and export their identity in the framework of insular cultures of peace, upon distinct bases within their historical, political, economic and cultural roots. The Åland Islands in Finland (one of the first demilitarized and neutralized territories in the world); the Islands of Hawaii (with a fragile “equilibrium” of heavy militarization and a deep-seated traditional culture of peace and aloha); Jeju Island in Korea (with one of the most active programs for Peace Island development, even if located in a country still technically at war for the past sixty years) and the Canary Island of Lanzarote in Spain (a new international initiative for the diffusion of human rights and a culture of peace). All four examples illustrate through their commonalities the modern attempts for the realization of peaceful and peace-making cultures, programs and experiments from the standpoint of insular societies.

벼 이삭선충(심고선충), Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie에 대한 벼 품종의 유인성과 감수성과의 상관관계를 알기 위하여 실험실관찰과 온실내의 포트 시험을 수행하였다. 본 선충에 대한 벼묘추출액의 유인성과 선충의 증식률은 벼의 품종에 따라서 크게 차이가 났으며 이들 두 요인간에는 큰 상관관계를 나타내었다. 즉, 벼묘의 추출액이 선충에 대하여 강한 유인성을 나타낸 품종일수록 포장에서의 선충증식이 잘 되어 감수성이 높았다.

벼 이삭선충(심고선충), Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie의 접종밀도가 벼의 생육 및 본선충의 자성충의 체장에 미치는 영향을 알기 위하여 온실내에서 포트시험을 수행하였다. 선충을 접종하였을 경우에 벼의 초장, 분벽수 및 지상부의 건물중의 감소를 초래했으며 접종밀도가 높아짐에 따라 자성충의 체장도 감소하였다.