This study investigated the responses of Eremogone juncea flowering characteristics to exogenous 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and gibberellic acid3 (GA) treatments. Overwintered E. juncea plants were sprayed with seven treatments: no hormones; 200, 400, and 800 mg·L-1 BAP; and 200, 400, and 800 mg·L-1 GA. All treatments showed 100% flowering, and the exogenous BAP and GA treatments did not affect the time to flowering, whereas the hormone treatments influenced floral organ development. BAP significantly decreased the floret diameter and inflorescence length with increasing BAP concentration, although the 400 and 800 mg·L-1 BAP treatments showed similar values. BAP also caused abnormal flowers with a large gynoecium and stamens with small anthers and short filaments. However, GA significantly increased the floret diameter and inflorescence length, although 800 mg·L-1 GA treatment did not affect the floret diameter. In the vegetative parameters, the leaf length tended to increase as the GA concentration increased. These results indicate that BAP and GA affect the flowering quality of E. juncea and can enhance the value of cut flowers, such as flower size and inflorescence length, by making the flowers larger overall.

The purpose of this study was to propose useful suggestion by analyzing preventive replacement policy under which there are minor and major failure. Here, major failure is defined as the failure of system which causes the system to stop working, however, the minor failure is defined as the situation in which the system is working but there exists inconvenience for the user to experience the degradation of performance. For this purpose, we formulated an expected cost rate as a function of periodic replacement time and the number of system update cycles. Then, using the probability and differentiation theory, we analyzed the cost rate function to find the optimal points for periodic replacement time and the number of system update cycles. Also, we present a numerical example to show how to apply our model to the real and practical situation in which even under the minor failure, the user of system is not willing to replace or repair the system immediately, instead he/she is willing to defer the repair or replacement until the periodic or preventive replacement time. Optimal preventive replacement timing using two variables, which are periodic replacement time and the number of system update cycles, is provided and the effects of those variables on the cost are analyzed.

DEA(data envelopment analysis) is a technique for evaluation of relative efficiency of decision making units (DMUs) that have multiple input and output. A DEA model measures the efficiency of a DMU by the relative position of the DMU’s input and output in the production possibility set defined by the input and output of the DMUs being compared. In this paper, we proposed several DEA models measuring the multi-period efficiency of a DMU. First, we defined the input and output data that make a production possibility set as the spanning set. We proposed several spanning sets containing input and output of entire periods for measuring the multi-period efficiency of a DMU. We defined the production possibility sets with the proposed spanning sets and gave DEA models under the production possibility sets. Some models measure the efficiency score of each period of a DMU and others measure the integrated efficiency score of the DMU over the entire period. For the test, we applied the models to the sample data set from a long term university student training project. The results show that the suggested models may have the better discrimination power than CCR based results while the ranking of DMUs is not different.

Lactic acid bacteria as probiotics are intensively used in human and animal species. These probiotic properties of LABs were variable according to bacterial strain and species. However, there was limited information on probiotic properties of monkey origin LABs. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial activity of monkey and human origin LABs against monkey origin enteric bacteria by the agar disc diffusion test and broth culture inhibition assay. All LABs represented enough tolerance to pepsin (0.3%) and bile acid (pH = 2). To 50% of Clostridium perfringens and 20% of Escherichia coli, monkey origin LABs showed statistically higher antibacterial activity compared to human origin LABs (p < 0.05). Also, distinct antibacterial activity was verified among some bacteria species and strains. Higher antibacterial activity against enteric bacteria except for C. perfringens was verified in Lactobacillus johnsonii strains compared to Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus salivarius. Statistically different antibacterial activity against C. perfringens was verified among strains within L. reuteri and L. johnsonii. In conclusion, we prove the higher probiotic properties of monkey origin LABs against homogenous enteric bacteria although humans and monkeys were phylogenetically similar species. For non-human primates, homogenous LABs should be used as probiotics, not human origin LABs. Furthermore, it was confirmed among monkey origin LABs, L. johnsonii showed a high antibacterial activity on various enteric pathogenic bacteria and was an appropriate lactic acid strain for inhibiting C. perfringens.

블록 매칭 및 3D 필터링(BM3D) 알고리즘은 단일 필터의 문제점을 보완하기 위하여 non-local means 기반으로 만들 어진 융합형 노이즈 제거 알고리즘이다. 하지만, 그 수식 인자의 조절에 관한 연구는 이루어지지 않고 있어 본 연구에서는 자기공명영상에서 발생하는 Rician 노이즈를 제거하기 위해 BM3D 알고리즘의 평활화 정도를 결정하는 노이즈 전력 스펙 트럼 밀도(noise power spectrum density,  )에 대한 최적화를 진행하고자 하였다. MRiLab 시뮬레이션 프로그램을 이 용하여 뇌 조직을 모사할 수 있는 뇌척수액(cerebrospinal fluid, CSF)/회색질(gray matter, GM)/백질(white matter, WM) 팬텀의 T1 강조영상을 획득하였고, 노이즈 레벨이 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 그리고 0.3인 Rician 노이즈를 각각 부가 한 후, BM3D 알고리즘의  값을 0.01부터 0.99까지 0.01씩 증가시키며 각각의 노이즈가 부가된 영상에 적용하였다. 정량 적 평가를 통해 최적화 값을 선정하기 위하여 CSF, GM, WM, 그리고 배경 영역에 관심 영역을 설정한 후 조직별 신호 대 잡음비(signal to noise ratio, SNR), 총 변동계수(coefficient of variation, COV), 그리고 평균 제곱근 오차(root mean square error, RMSE)를 측정하였다. 결과적으로, 조직별로 계산된 SNR, COV, 그리고 RMSE를 종합적으로 평가 했을 때 모든 조직에서 노이즈 레벨 0.1부터 0.3까지 증가함에 따라  값 또한 함께 증가하는 경향이 나타났으며 일정  값 이상에서는 노이즈뿐만 아니라 영상신호까지 함께 제거되어 개선 폭이 감소하는 것으로 관찰되었으며, 노이즈 레벨에 따라 각각 0.09, 0.13, 0.17, 0.21, 그리고 0.25의  값이 설정된 BM3D 알고리즘이 적용되었을 때 가장 합리적인 영상 특성을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로, 효과적인 노이즈 제거를 위해서 고정된 값이 아닌 노이즈 레벨에 따른 적합한 값을 적용해야 함을 증명할 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study is to suggest a plan to improve the level of acceptance of related technologies and the transition to smart factories of small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises by using ‘technology readiness’ and ‘integrated technology acceptance model’. To this end, the research hypothesis was verified by collecting questionnaire data from 130 small and medium- sized manufacturing companies in Korea and conducting path analysis. First, optimism affects performance expectations, social influence, and facilitation conditions, innovation affects performance expectations, effort expectations, and social influence, discomfort affects performance expectations, social influence, and facilitation conditions, and anxiety affects effort expectations, social influence and facilitation conditions. has been proven to affect Finally, performance expectations, effort expectations, social influence, and facilitation conditions were verified to have a significant positive effect on the intention to accept technology.

컴퓨터 성능의 발전으로 빅데이터의 효율적인 사용이 가능해지면서, 심층 학습(deep learning)은 다양한 의료 분야에 활용할 수 있는 핵심적인 인공지능(artificial intelligence, AI) 기법으로 각광받고 있다. 이에 본 종설은 뇌종양 진단과 치료에 사용되는 자기공명영상(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)의 심층 학습 기법을 소개하고자 하였다. 먼저 국내 AI의 의료 분야 도입의 동향을 분석하고, 이를 바탕으로 MRI를 활용한 뇌종양의 진단과 치료에 적용할 수 있는 심층 학습 기법과 그 결과들을 기술하였다. 뇌종양 진단과 치료 시, 심층 학습을 이용한 최근 사례는 영상 분류, 영상 품질 개선, 영상 분할로 나타났으며, 질병의 진단과 치료에 적용할 수 있는 객관적이고 높은 성능 수치를 나타내면서 그 유용성을 확인 할 수 있었다. 종합하자면, 심층 학습은 질병의 진단과 치료에 적용할 수 있는 유용한 지표이며, AI 역량을 지닌 의료진의 지도하에 점진적인 도입이 이뤄진다면 질병의 진단과 치료에 큰 도움을 주는 훌륭한 소프트웨어로 활용될 것으로 여겨진다. 본 종설이 심층 학습을 이해할 때 많은 도움이 되길 바라며, 향후 관련 연구를 수행할 때 가이드라인으로 활용될 것을 기대 한다.

Sustainable capacity building of the rice value chain in Africa is essential in achieving the rice self-sufficiency and poverty alleviation. The breeding capacity enhancement has also been at the heart of AfricaRice’s mandate. Therefore, the Korea-Africa Food and Agriculture Cooperation Initiative (KAFACI) has concentrated breeding capacity enhancement for young breeders or breeding technicians of national research institutes in the KAFACI member countries. Four-month trainings have been conducted at the Regional Training Center located in Saint Louis, Senegal. The actual practice training is as follows; First is to learn practical skills and techniques of key aspects of rice breeding which are field preparation and layout, sowing, transplanting, fertilizer application, weed control, water management, hybridization/crossing, selection, yield and yield components determination, and rice palatability testing. Second is to learn some theoretical aspects of plant breeding through lectures including basic principles of breeding, evaluation for biotic and abiotic stresses, and statistical analysis. Third is to learn about the accurate use of field and lab equipment for rice breeding. Forth is to learn about proper scientific reporting and presentation. The courses were organized twice per year following two rice cultivation seasons in Senegal. From 2019, a total of 24 trainees participated in the 4 month courses. We believe they have acquired the basic knowledge and skills to implement rice breeding activities indpendently in their countries.

The Korea-Africa Food and Agriculture Cooperation Initiative (KAFACI) has been cooperating with AfricaRice since 2014 for the eradication of hunger and poverty in Africa through sustainable agriculture and its industrialization. At first, rice breeding activities for staple food production started with KAFACI member countries by sharing high-yielding Tongil-type rice breeding lines and varieties. The Africa Rice Development Partnership project entitled “Enhancement of high-yielding rice germplasm and breeding capacity of rice producing countries in Africa” is implemented for the period from 2016 to 2025 with three phases. The actual rice breeding activities have been conducted by applying anther culture haploid breeding technology in the laboratory and field of AfricaRice Saint-Louis center. The 1,547 elite lines selected through participatory variety selection were distributed to 21 national breeders of KAFACI member countries. These lines derived from the 1,181 cross combination and 34,616 breeding lines on Korea and AfricaRice germplasm crossed. Among them 11 new Tongil-type rice varieties have been selected and registered in the national variety catalogue of Senegal, Mali, Rwanda, Malawi, and Tanzania.

매미나방은 산림과 과수에 심각한 피해를 입히는 해충이다. 본 연구에서는 국내 매미나방의 미토콘드리아 게놈(15,548 bp)을 분석하였다. 13개의 PCG와 2개의 rRNA를 연결한 서열(13,568 bp)을 사용한 23개의 미토콘드리아 게놈의 계통분석 결과, 분석한 매미나방은 다른 지역의 매 미나방과 같은 과에 속하며 각각의 과(Erebidae, Euteliidae, Noctuidae, Nolidae, Notodontidae)들은 높은 노드수치로 단계통을 형성하였다.

본 연구에서 Periphyllus acerihabitans를 국내에서 최초로 보고한다. 이 종의 분포지역, 기주식물, 무시성충의 형태학적 정보와 분류키를 제공 하였다.

The facile production of high-purity mesophase pitch has been a long-standing desire in various carbon industries. Recently, polymer additives for mesophase production have attracted much attention because of their convenience and efficiency. We propose polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a strong candidate as an effective additive for mesophase production. The mesophase content and structural, chemical, and thermal properties of pitches obtained with different amounts of added PVDF are discussed. The influence of PVDF decomposition on mesophase formation is also discussed. We believe that this work provides an effective option for mesophase pitch production.

Society’s emphasis on a thin body ideal may intensify an individual’s negative perceptions of fatness. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between sociocultural attitudes toward appearance (awareness and internalization of the female ideal) and anti-fat attitudes among middle-aged Korean women. In addition, the aim was to examine whether the body internalization of female ideals was a mediator in the proposed model. Participants included a sample of 264 middle-aged Korean women who completed a series of measures online. The following information was collected through online questionnaires: awareness and internalization of the female ideal, attitudes toward fat, body weight perception, and demographics. Data were analyzed using correlation analysis, descriptive analysis, factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. The measurement model and the structural model testing provided an acceptable fit to the data, and all proposed pathways in the research model were statistically significant. Awareness of the female ideal was significantly and positively associated with internalization, and it significantly and positively predicted both constructs of anti-fat attitudes. Additionally, awareness of the female ideal was significantly and positively indirectly associated with attitudes toward fat peopledislike and willpower mediated by internalization. Overall, these findings suggest that society’s emphasis on female appearance and a thin body can ultimately result in significant stigmatization of overweight/obese individuals. This study emphasizes the importance of establishing a healthy appearance standard to reduce anti-fat prejudice.

The radical reaction position was calculated by varying the calculation level for ACEL and ANT, which are detected with the highest frequency and concentration in PAHs pollution sites. The results of each calculation level were compared and evaluated with the existing literature. HF, B3LYP, B3LYP-D, and MP2 were used as the method for each level used for calculation. Except for HF, the MK charge by B3LYP, B3LYP-D, and MP2 was consistent with the experimental results. It was found that the dispersion effect was negligible in the calculation of ACEL and ANT because the calculation results by the B3LYP and B3LYP-D methods were the same. In particular, it was found that the MK charge calculation result by MP2 agrees well with the product/PAH ratio obtained as a result of the experiment. Considering the calculation cost, it would be preferable to use B3LYP to predict the radical reaction site of ACEL and ANT. However, considering the product/PAH ratio, it takes more time to calculate, but it is judged that it is better to use the MP2.

The purpose of this study is to understand the concept of zero-waste design and to apply Sophia Vyzoviti’s folding techniques to develop a zero-waste fashion design method that contributes to sustainable fashion design. In this study, we explore the method and characteristics of zero-waste fashion design based on the concept of folding described in Sophia Vyzoviti’s book on folding techniques. Using the autonomy of Sophia Vyzoviti’s folding technique, four changeable folding fashion designs were developed and produced, demonstrating zero-waste fashion design. The results were as follows. First, the development of fashion designs using Sophia Vyzoviti’s folding techniques enabled the development and production of free and creative zero-waste fashion designs that were three-dimensional, continuous, fluid, and full of potential. Second, the production of zero-waste patterns was further developed into a transformable fashion design that can be used with geometric patterns. These folding techniques produced a fashion design method that could transform one piece of clothing, demonstration the potential for maintenance of creativity using a zero-waste design based on these folding techniques. Third, the double-faced fabric, Neoprene, was chosen as an appropriate material as it emphasizes the depth of folding with application of two colors and its cotton/polyester blend that is suitable for folding.

계란의 비린내 강도는 가금류의 종류와 개인의 인식에 따라 다르지만 여러 요인에 의해 발생할 수 있다. 특히 트 리메틸아민(TMA)이 원인으로 밝혀졌다. 주목할만한 점은 리보플라빈이 TMA를 무취의 트리메틸아민-N-옥사이드로 전환시키는 역할을 하는 효소인 플라빈 함유 모노옥시게 나제 3의 활성을 증가시킬 수 있다는 점이다. 본 연구는 난황의 TMA 함량을 분석하여 비린내에 대한 기여도를 평 가하고, 비린내를 방지하는 방법을 개발하는 것을 목적으 로 하였다. 고체상 미세추출-기체 크로마토그래피/질량 분 석법을 사용하여 리보플라빈이 강화, 보충된 사료를 먹인 암탉의 난황에 있는 휘발성 화합물을 감지하고 정량화했다. 또한 샘플 간 휘발성 물질의 상대적 함량을 비교하기 위해 전자코를 이용하여 상관관계 연구를 수행하였다. TMA는 콜린이 함유된사료를 섭취한 가금류의 난황에서 고농도로 검출되었지만 리보플라빈이 보충된 사료를 섭취한 가금류 에서는 검출되지 않았다. 전반적으로, 이 연구는 리보플라 빈이 TMA를 포함하여 계란에 존재하는 휘발성 물질의 양 과 품질에 영향을 미친다는 것을 시사한다. 이러한 발견 이 계란의 비린내를 줄이는 것은 물론 품질 향상에 기여 하기를 기대한다.

현대의 기술은 비약적으로 발전하고 있으나 그러한 기술적 진보가 안전수준 의 향상도에 직접적으로 비례하지는 않는다. 새로운 기술과 그것의 운용은 또 다른 위험요소를 낳기 때문이다. 본 논문은 현대 해사에서 최신기술의 집약체 인 자율운항선박의 안전관리를 현행 ISM Code상 규정에 근거하여 검토한다. 먼저 ISM Code상 핵심주체들의 역할과 책임을 자율운항선박에 적용 가능한지 분석해 보고, 특히 ISM Code에서 정의하는 선장의 책임과 권한이 자율운항선 박에서 어떻게 적용되어야 할 것인지를 집중적으로 살펴본다. 또한 현행 ISM Code상 핵심주체의 역할에 더하여 원격운항센터, 원격운항자, 사이버보안 등 추가적으로 ISM Code에 규정되어야 하는 부분에 대해서도 접근 방향을 제시한 다. 특히 원격운항의 도입에 따른 공백을 채우기 위해 자율운항 단계별로 새로 운 역할의 도입을 제안한다. 이로써 이 논문은 자율운항선박에 대한 효과적인 안전관리를 위한 안전관리체제의 틀을 제시한다.

The aim of this study was to develop Jiangxi Nuo masks using 3D digital fashion design technology and suggest various ways to utilize traditional culture based on the characteristics of Nuo masks, a traditional Chinese artifact of intangible cultural significance. The researchers conducted a literature review to gather information about Nuo culture and masks that could represent Jiangxi. Features of the masks were analyzed and classified. The result are as follows. First, the symbolic characteristics of Jiangxi’s Nuo masks can be divided into those based on their origin and history, the user’s social status, and the notions of primitive beliefs of the chosen people, such as naturism and totemism. Second, Nuo masks’ splendid decorations convey meanings such as luck, the bixie, longevity, wealth, and peace in the family. Third, playfulness in mask-making is about dismantling the original form of the mask, re-creating it through application. Fourth, the masks express primitiveness mostly by conserving the wood’s original color or material. The initial masks carved to represent images of figures aptly deliver the primitive forms and images of Nuo culture. In this study, Nuo masks were developed and produced using the 3D digital technology CLO 3D by adopting the expressive characteristics and applying design methods such as asymmetricity, exaggeration, and modification. The results of this study demonstrate the possibility of creating diverse as well as economical designs through the reduction of production.

The purpose of this study is to verify how similar the virtual fit pants are to the actual fit of stretchable pants. Data is produced using a virtual model to apply movements. The results show that in the upright position, the similarity between the appearance of the actual fit and the virtual fit is high. Results are 4.47, 4.13 and 4.33 out of 5 on the front, side, and back, respectively. The base line of the front and back, and the amount of allowance in each part were well reproduced by the model. The texture of the virtual fit was evaluated and found to be similar to the actual fabric. In terms of shape and number of wrinkles with the virtual fit pants, large wrinkles were better expressed than fine wrinkles. After applying movements to the virtual model, the front and side results were similar to the actual fit, but the back results were different. As a result of multiple comparisons, the greatest difference in similarity by movements is found in the center front line. The similarity difference was lower on the side than on the front. The only significant difference after applying movements is in the hip circumference margin. According to movements, the similarity of virtual fit is lower on the back than on the front and side, and the back also has the largest similarity differences to the movements type.

The purpose of this study was to develop a 3D mesh-type impact protection pad with excellent motion adaptability and functionality by applying 3D printing technology. The hexagonal 3D mesh, which constitutes the basic structure of the pad, comprises two types: small and large. The bridge connecting the basic units was designed as the I-type, V-type, IV-type, and VV-type. After evaluating the characteristics of the bridge, it was found that the V-type bridge had the highest flexibility and tensile elongation. The hip joint pad and knee pad were completed by combining the hexagonal 3D mesh structure with the optimal bridge design. The impact protection pad was printed using a fused deposition modeling-type 3D printer with a filament made of thermoplastic polyurethane material, and the protection pad’s performance was evaluated. When an impact force of approximately 6,500N was applied to the pad, the force attenuation percentage was 78%, and when an impact force of approximately 8,000N was applied, the force attenuation percentage was 75%. Through these results, it was confirmed that the 3D-printed impact protection pad with a hexagonal 3D mesh structure connected by a V-shaped bridge developed in this study can adapt to changes in the body surface according to movement and provides excellent impact protection performance.