Mesophase pitch is a unique graphitizable material that has been used as an important precursor for highly graphitic carbon materials. In the current study, we propose to consider a spinnable mesophase pitch as a lyotropic liquid crystalline solution composed of solvent components and liquid crystalline components, so-called mesogen or mesogenic components. Among mesophase pitches, the supermesophase pitch is defined as a mesohpase pitch with 100% anisotropy, and can only be observed in pitches with a proportion of mesogenic components exceeding the threshold concentration (TC). We also examined the critical limit of AR synthetic pitch and 5 experimental spinnable mesophase pitches (SMPs). Then, we examined the effect of the solvent component on the minimum required amount of mesogenic component using a selected solvent component instead of their own solvent components. AR pitch showed 100% anisotropy with the least amount of its mesogenic component, THF insoluble components, of 60 wt.%. The solvent component, THF soluble components, extracted from AR-pitch, which has a molecular weight pattern similar to that of the original material but more amount of naphthenic alkyl chains, showed better solvent functionality than those of other THF solubles (THFSs) from other as-prepared spinnable mesophase pitches. This is why a lower amount of AR THFS can produce a supermesophase pitch when combined with the THFI (mesogenic components) of other experimental mesophase pitches. As a result of the current analysis, we define the mesogens as molecules that not only readily stack, but also maintain stacking structures in a fused state in the solution. The solvent component, on the other hand, is defined as molecules with a structure that readily decomposes in a fused state in the solution.

In this study, we have fabricated the phenolic resin (PR)/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) blend-derived core-sheath nanostructured carbon nanofibers (CNFs) via one-pot solution electrospinning. The obtained core-sheath nanostructured carbon nanofibers were further treated by mixed salt activation process to develop the activated porous CNFs (CNF-A). Compared to pure PAN-based CNFs, the activated PR/PAN blend with PR 20% (CNF28-A)-derived core-sheath nanostructured CNFs showed enhanced specific capacitance of ~ 223 F g− 1 under a three-electrode configuration. Besides, the assembled symmetric CNF28-A//CNF28-A device possessed a specific capacitance of 76.7 F g− 1 at a current density of 1 A g− 1 and exhibited good stability of 111% after 5,000 galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) cycles, which verifies the outstanding long-term cycle stability of the device. Moreover, the fabricated supercapacitor device delivered an energy density of 8.63 Wh kg− 1 at a power density of 450 W kg− 1.

In today’s world, carbon-based materials research is much wider wherein, it requires a lot of processing techniques to manufacture or synthesize. Moreover, the processing methods through which the carbon-based materials are derived from synthetic sources are of high cost. Processing of such hierarchical porous carbon materials (PCMs) was slightly complex and only very few methods render carbon nano-materials (CNMs) with high specific surface area. Once it is processed, which paves a path to versatile applications. CNMs derived from biological sources are widespread and their application spectrum is also very wide. This review focuses on biomass-derived CNMs from various plant sources for its versatile applications. The major thrust areas of energy storage include batteries, super-capacitors, and fuel cells which are described in this article. Meanwhile, the challenges faced during the processing of biomass-derived CNMs and their future prospects are also discussed comprehensively.

Nanofillers, by virtue of their minute size, when incorporated inside a matrix, have the capability to enhance the physical parameters of the complex matrix. Graphene, the wonder material of the twenty-first century, has established itself in the field of nanofillers. However, it still has yet to find its way into the mining industry. This review paper focuses on a novel way of attaining sustainability in mining methodology using graphene as a nanofiller. The implementations can be subdivided into three categories based on their impact—economic, environment, and safety. To achieve economic welfare in mine methodology; Graphene is used to enhance the productivity of machinery. Electric-Heavy Earth Moving Machinery using LiFePO4/Graphene hybrid cathode battery is not only an ideal replacement to fossil-powered vehicles considering the contribution of environmental strain but also a more-efficient model than Electric-Heavy Earth Moving Machinery using conventional Lithium Ion Phosphate Battery batteries. Heavy Earth Moving Machinery having tires of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber/Graphene composite would have better efficacy and longer life cycle than the conventional ones. Graphene derivative Magnetic Graphene Oxide is used to achieve environmental welfare by its implication as an additive in the effluent treatment plant for its capability of removing heavy metal ions and negative-strain bacteria from the mine water. To improve the safety standards of the mine workers, graphene and its derivatives have environmental implications to constitute a safer surrounding concerning precarious situations due to the unpredictable behavior of geomaterials. Graphene can assist in constituting a more economical and reliable slope model as incorporating graphene induces restructuration and improvement in strength parameters. This enables a miner to extract more minerals in tranquility from the resources as there is an increase in compaction and shear strength. A combination of a graphene sheet and auxetic graphene foam can be placed over the blast holes to not only restrict the trajectory of the fly rocks but also attenuate some part of the explosive energy. The objective of this coagulation is to upgrade the traditional practice by replacing the conventional products, and the effect is observed in the form of achieving sustainability in the mine.

There is no doubt that the BRICS countries established in 2000-01, have already made their mark on the international stage. Increasing relations among BRICS countries with less developed nations through south-south cooperation, especially, China, India, and Russia and with least developed countries are of significant importance. BRICS has been the forerunner of cooperation, collaboration and reformation of the present international governance structure and to move towards multilateralism. Over the years, BRICS has become a platform of, and for the developing countries. The ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine has created divisions in the world, impacting diplomatic relations that BRICS needs to address. The fact that Russia is the member of BRICS makes things complicated and new challenges has emerged for the bloc to take necessary actions and policy considerations. The article examines the challenges and opportunities for BRICS (as a bloc) amid Russia-Ukraine conflict in a post pandemic world.

On January 4, 2020, the official Twitter account of the former US President Trump threatens to target Iran’s cultural heritage sites conditioned on any Iranian retaliation on US military forces then stationed in the Middle East. The immediate context was that the US-led drone strike had killed Iran’s Major General Qasem Soleimani in Iraq (Baghdad) only two days prior. This study critically analyzes whether “Tweets” uploaded to President Trump’s Twitter account could reasonably be construed as a type of harm against international law instruments and framework on the safeguarding of cultural heritage. This paper provides a brief contextual overview of President Trump’s Tweets; traces the historical destruction of cultural property during conflicts and discusses the preservation of heritage; delineates international laws and assesses whether President Trump and the US might be legally bound to refrain from threats to destroy cultural property; and examines the increasing role of social media in the evolution of the idea of diplomacy.

Since the beginning of the seventh century, Islamic law has played an essential role in protecting the personal, economic, judicial, and political rights of civilians during armed conflict. Fourteen centuries before the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was drafted in 1948, it had already initiated a human revolution consisting of a set of human principles. In addition, Islamic law has made a significant contribution to international humanitarian law (IHL). This paper focuses on two specific legal constructs in warfare: the definition of the combatant and the principle of distinction. This article comparatively examines how these two laws deal with different aspects of war that fall under jus ad bellum, jus in bello, and jus post bellum. A comparative analysis of the various elements and aspects of just war theory in Islamic and contemporary international law provides a much deeper understanding of its limitations. We can safely conclude that there is a unique relationship between the Islamic law of war and IHL.

This study assessed the influences of fluorine introduced into DLC films on the structural and mechanical properties of the sample. In addition, the effects of the fluorine incorporation on the compressive stress in DLC films were investigated. For this purpose, fluorinated diamond-like carbon (F-DLC) films were deposited on cobalt-chromium-molybdenum substrates using radio-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor. The coatings were examined by Raman scattering (RS), Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis (ATR-FTIR), and a combination of elastic recoil detection analysis and Rutherford backscattering (ERDA-RBS). Nano-indentation tests were performed to measure hardness. Also, the residual stress of the films was calculated by the Stony equation. The ATR-FTIR analysis revealed that F was present in the amorphous matrix mainly as C-F and C-F2 groups. Based on Raman spectroscopy results, it was determined that F made the DLC films more graphitic. Additionally, it was shown that adding F into the DLC coating resulted in weaker mechanical properties and the F-DLC coating exhibited lower stress than DLC films. These effects were attributed to the replacement of strong C = C by feebler C-F bonds in the F-DLC films. F-doping decreased the hardness of the DLC from 11.5 to 8.8 GPa. In addition, with F addition, the compressive stress of the DLC sample decreased from 1 to 0.7 GPa.

예이츠의 가이어는 유동적이고 변화무쌍하며 움직이는 정체성을 보여주는 완벽한 은유이다. 이 논문은 예이츠 󰡔환상록󰡕의 가이어 은유를 통해 실비아 플라스의 인생과 시인으로서의 명성이 보여주는 반비례 관계를 연구한다. 시인으로서의 실비아 플라스의 여정은 한 사람으로서의 여정과 다르다. 그녀는 고백시 시인으로, 머리와 심장 사이에 있는 고통을 덜어주기 위해 글을 썼는데, 이 논문은 플라스가 겪었던 모든 사건들이 서로 어떻게 연관되는가를 논의한다. 예이츠의 가이어는 플라스의 인생과 명성의 반비례적 패턴을 예시적으로 보여준다. 인물로서의 플라스는 점차적으로 기본 가이어가 줄어드는 반면, 시인으로서의 플라스를 상징하는 대립 가이어는 점점 커지고 넓어진다.

This paper examines in some detail the relationship between Elizabeth Corbet Yeats and her brother, William Butler Yeats, pertaining to the activities of the Cuala Press which Elizabeth ran as the printer from 1902 (as the Dun Emer Press and then, the Cuala Press from 1908) while William was the editor, selecting and soliciting books. Their relationship, while stormy all-along, and determined by William’s authoritative editorial choices undermining his sister’s literary role, was, nonetheless, mitigated by William’s attribution of the key role as the printer and publisher to Elizabeth. The relationship was thus often ambivalent and elusive, like many such family ties, than has generally been acknowledged by scholars.